Fricative is a term applied to certain letters produced by the friction of the breath issuing through a narrow opening of the organs of articulation, for example f, v, s, z, etc. Research Fricative
The hacek is a diacritic mark resembling a small 'v' placed over certain letters in order to modify their sounds. The Hacek is particularly used in the Slavonic languages to indicate various forms of palatalarticulation. Research Hacek
Demosthenes was an ancient Greek orator. He was born in 382 or 385 BC at Athens and died in 322 BC. He was the son of a sword-cutler at Athens. His father left him a considerable fortune, of which his guardians attempted to defraud him. Demosthenes, at the age of seventeen, conducted a suit against them himself, and gained his cause. He then set himself to study eloquence, and though his lungs were weak, his articulation defective, and his gestures awkward, by perseverance he at length surpassed all other orators in power and grace. He thundered against Philip of Macedon in his orations known as the Phi lippics, and endeavoured to instil into his fellow-citizens the hatred which animated his own bosom. He laboured to get all the Greeks to combine against the encroachments of Philip, but their want of patriotism and Macedonian gold frustrated his efforts.
He was present at the battle of Chaeroneia in 380 BC in which the Athenians and Boeotians were defeated by Philip, and Greek liberty crushed. On the accession of Alexander in 336 Demosthenes tried to stir up a general rising against the Macedonians, but Alexander at once adopted measures of extreme severity, and Athens sued for mercy. It was with difficulty that Demosthenes escaped being delivered up to the conqueror.
In 324 he was imprisoned on a false charge of having received a bribe from one of Alexander's generals, but managed to escape into exile. On the death of Alexander next year he was recalled, but the defeat of the Greeks by Antipater caused him to seek refuge in the temple of Poseidon, in the island of Oalauria, on the coast of Greece, where he poisoned himself to escape from the emissaries of Antipater in 322 BC.
The character of Demosthenes is by most modern scholars considered almost spotless. His fame as an orator is equal to that of Homer as a poet. Cicero pronounces him to be the most perfect of all orators. He carried Greek prose to a degree of perfection which it never before had reached. Everything in his speeches is natural, vigorous, concise, symmetrical. We have under his name sixty-one orations, some of which are not genuine. The great opponent - and indeed enemy - of Demosthenes as an orator was AEschines. Research Demosthenes
Articulated bones feature a cartilaginous covering at the joints, which facilitates the articulation by protecting the bones from shock and providing a softer bed to which the synovial membrane may be attached. Osteoarthritis is a common disease among middle-aged and elderly people in which the
articular cartilage becomes inflamed making movement of the bones at the affected joints painful. Research Articular Cartilage
In anatomy, articulation describes a joint; the joining or juncture of the bones. This is of three kinds: (1) Diarthrosis, or a movable connection, such as the ball-and-socket joint; (2) Synarthrosis, immovable connection, as by suture, or junction by serrated margins; (3) Symphysis, or union by means of another substance, by a cartilage, tendon, or ligament. Research Articulation
The coccyx (or 'tailbone') is composed of three to five rudimentary vertebrae. Often, the first of these coccygeal vertebrae is separate, while the remainder are fused together. The articulation between the coccygeal vertebrae and the sacrum allow some flexibility in the coccyx, which is particularly beneficial in taking the stresses of sitting and falling. The coccyx is extremely susceptible to shock fracture, as might be induced from a fall. Furthermore, since a number of nerve pathways pass near this area, damage to the coccyx threatens damage to the nerves of the lower body. The juncture of the first coccygeal vertebra with the sacrum occurs at the lower facet of the sacrum. Research Coccyx
In anatomy, a condyle is a protuberance on the end of a bone serving to form an articulation with another bone:
more especially the term condyle is applied to the prominence of the occipital bone for articulation with the spine. Research Condyle
The humerus, radius, and ulna join to form the elbow joint. This joint features a number of complex prominences which serve as attachment sites of ligaments and muscles, serving to control the flexibility and adduction of the bones about the elbow. The articulation of the elbow is called a hinge joint, because, like a hinge on a door, the joint only permits flexion in a single plane. Research Elbow Joint
In anatomy, a fibrous joint is an articulation in which the surfaces of the bones are fastened together by intervening fibrous tissue, and in which there is no appreciable motion, as in the joints between the bones of the humanskull. Research Fibrous joint
The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
Abbreviations
Research Fricative
