Securite is an explosive compound of ammonium nitrate and oxalate, with nitro- or di-nitro-benzene adapted for use in fiery mines as when exploded it is not liable to ignite fire-damp. Research Securite
Acetaldehyde is a colourless liquid with a pungent, fruity odour. It is used primarily as a chemical intermediate, principally for the production of acetic acid, pyridine and pyridinebases, peracetic acid, pentaerythritol, butylene glycol, and chloral. It is used in the production of esters, particularly ethyl acetate and isobutyl acetate. It is also used in the synthesis of crotonaldehyde, flavour and fragrance acetals, acetaldehyde 1,1-dimethylhydrazone, acetaldehyde cyanohydrin, acetaldehyde oxime, and various acetic esters, paraldehyde, metaldehyde, polymers, and various halogenated derivatives. Acetaldehyde is used in denatured alcohol. In the past it was a chemical intermediate for 2-ethyl-1-butanol, glyoxal, acrolein, and acetaldehyde-aniline condensate. Acetaldehyde has been used in the manufacture of aniline dyes and synthetic rubber, to silvermirrors, and to hardengelatine fibres.
Acetaldehyde has been used in the production of polyvinyl acetal resins, in fuel compositions, and to inhibit mould growth on leather. It is also used in the manufacture of disinfectants, drugs, perfumes, explosives, lacquers, varnishes, photographic chemicals, phenolic and urea resins, rubber accelerators, antioxidants, and room air deodorisers. It is also a pesticide intermediate.
Acetaldehyde is a compound for the intended use as a flavouring agent and adjuvant. It is an important component of food flavourings added to milk products, baked goods, fruit juices, candy, desserts, and soft drinks; the concentration of acetaldehyde in food is usually up to .047%. It is an especially useful synthetic flavouring ingredient to impart orange, apple, and butter flavours, and is used in the manufacture of vinegar and yeast and as a fruit and fish preservative.
Acetaldehyde is a volatile and flammable liquid. It is miscible in water, alcohol, ether, benzene, gasoline, solvent, naphtha, toluene, xylene, turpentine, acetone, and other common organic solvents. It is a highly reactive compound that undergoes numerous condensation, addition, and polymerisation reactions. It is dangerous when exposed to heat or flame; it can react vigorously with oxidising material, acid anhydrides, alcohols, ketones, phenols, halogens, isocyanates, and strong alkalis and amines. It is also incompatible with acids, bases, alcohol, ammonia, amines, phenols, ketones, and hydrogen cyanide. It will polymerise readily in the presence of trace metals. Acetaldehyde can form unstable or explosive peroxides with exposure to the air. It may polymerise under the influence of air and heat, acids, or bases with potential of fire or explosion. It is polymerised violently by concentrated sulphuric acid. Rubber products decompose on contact with acetaldehyde, but it is not corrosive to most metals. It is also known as acetic aldehyde, ethanal, NCI-C56326, and ethyl aldehyde. Research Acetaldehyde
Acrylamide is an odourless, free-flowing white crystalline used as a chemical intermediate in the production and synthesis of polyacrylamides. These high-molecular weight polymers can be modified to develop non-ionic, anionic, or cationic properties for specific uses. The principle end use of
acrylamide is in water-soluble polymers used as additives for water treatment, enhanced oil recovery, flocculants, papermaking aids, thickeners, soil conditioning agents, sewage and waste treatment, ore processing, and permanent press fabrics.
Acrylamide is also used in the synthesis of dyes, in copolymers for contact lenses, and the construction of damfoundations, tunnels, and sewers. The largest use for polyacrylamide is in treating municipal drinking water and wastewater. The polymer is also used to remove suspended solids from industrial wastewater before discharge, reuse, or disposal.
Acrylamides also find use in oil-drilling processes to control fluid losses. In the pulp and paper industry, polyacrylamides are used as binders and retention aids for fibres and to retain pigments on paper fibres.
Acrylamide is a soil stabiliser and also finds use in foundry operations to facilitate free sand flow into moulds. Home appliances, building materials, and automotive parts are coated with acrylamide resins and thermosetting acrylics. Acrylamides are formulated in cosmetics and soap preparations as thickeners and in dental fixtures, hair grooming preparations, and pre-shave lotions. Minor uses of acrylamide are as latex thickeners, emulsion stabilisers for printing inks, gelling agents for explosives, binders in adhesives and adhesive tape, in the production of diazo compounds, and for gel chromatography and electrophoresis.
Acrylamide occurs in crystalline form and in aqueous solution. It is soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether, and acetone; it is insoluble in benzene and heptane. The monomer readily polymerises at the melting point or under ultraviolet light. Solid acrylamide is stable at room temperature, but may polymerise violently when melted or in contact with oxidising agents such as chlorine dioxide and bromine. When heated to decomposition, acrylamide emits a poisonous gas, acrid fumes, and NOx. If heating to high temperatures, acrylamide can explode. Acrylamide is also known as
acrylamide monomer, acrylic amide, propenamide, and 2-propenamide. Research Acrylamide
Aniline (Phenylamine or amido-benzene) is an oily liquid occurring in coal-tar and made by the reduction of nitro-benzene and used in the manufacture of chemicals, dyes and drugs. It was discovered in 1826 by Unverdorben among the products of distillation of indigo. In 1856 Bechamp obtained it from nitro-benzene. Benzene, when acted on by nitric acid, produces nitro-benzene; and this, when reduced with iron-filings or scraps, and a small amount of hydrochloric acid, yields aniline. It is also prepared by passing an electric current through a mixture of nitro-benzene and sulphuric acid. It is a colourless oily liquid, somewhat heavier than water, with a peculiar smell, and a burning taste. It is a basic substance, and, like the alkaloids, forms salts with different acids. An important group of aniline dyes are the azo dyes, obtained by the action of nitrous acid and the phenols on aniline. The manufacture of these aniline dyes was introduced in 1856 by Mr. Perkin of London but were most largely manufactured in Germany. Research Aniline
Benzene, benzine or benzol is a a liquid hydrocarbon obtained from coal-tar or distillate of petroleum obtained from benzol by treating it with sulphuric acid and then distilling, used as a solvent in dry cleaning and painting. Benzene was discovered by Faraday in the oils of portable gas in 1825 and obtained by Mitscherlich from benzoic acid in 1834, and by Mansfield from coal tar in 1848 (he also died as the result of burns sustained while experimenting with benzene). It has the formulae CgHg and is quite colourless, of a peculiar agreeable odour and is used by manufacturers of india-rubber and gutta-percha, on account of its great solvent powers, in the preparation of varnishes, also for removing grease from fabrics, gloves, etc. It is the parent substance for most of the aniline dyes and for other substances, e.g. saccharin. It is inflammable, burning with a very smoky flame. Research Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride is a substance resembling chloroform in odour, and prepared by the action of chlorine on carbon disulphide. It is a colourless liquid with a pleasant odour used as a solvent for many organic substances. It is non-inflammable and as such is used as a substitute for benzene in degreasing woollen goods and in dry-cleaning. It attacks most metals, lead and tin being most resistant to it. Carbon tetrachloride is registered under the trade name Benzinoform. Research Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene is a colourless highly inflammable liquid with the formula C6H5Cl. It is prepared by the direct chlorination of benzene using a halogen carrier or manufactured by the Raschig process. It is used mainly as an industrial solvent. Research Chlorobenzene
Coal-tar or gas-tar is a thick black viscous liquid produced by the destructive distillation of coal for the manufacture of illuminating gas, consisting principally of oily hydrocarbons. It passes over with the gas into the condensers along with ammonia liquor, but being heavier than the latter, it is easily separated from it when the whole is allowed to stand. It was formerly of comparatively little use; but ince the 19th century a great number of valuable products have been derived from it by distillation, such as ammonia, naphtha, creasote, carbolic acid, and benzene, while it is also the source of the whole series of aniline colours, and other dyes, of alizarine, salicylic acid, etc. Research Coal-tar
Diethyl phthalate is a manufactured, colourless, oily liquid with a slight aromatic odour and a bittertaste. It is commonly used to make plastics more flexible, in products such as toothbrushes, automobile parts, tools, toys, and food packaging. It is also used in insecticides, mosquito repellents, aspirin, and cosmetics, including bath preparations, eye shadows, hair sprays, wave sets, nailpolish, nailpolish remover, nail extenders, detergents, aftershave lotions, and skin care preparations. Diethyl phthalate is used to manufacture celluloid; as a solvent for cellulose acetate in varnishes; as a fixative for perfumes; as a wetting agent; as a camphor substitute; as a dilutent in polysulphide dental impression materials; and as a solvent for nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate. It is used as a plasticizer in solid rocket propellants and celluloseester plastics such as photographic films and sheets, blister packaging, and tape applications.
Diethyl phthalate is soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone, benzene, vegetable oils, ketones, esters, aromatic hydrocarbons, and aliphatic solvents. It is compatible with polar polymers and additives over a wide range of compositions. When heated to decomposition, it emits acrid smoke.
Diethyl phthalate is also known as 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester; ethyl phthalate; diethyl o-phthalate; o-benzenedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester; diethyl ester phthalic acid; phthalol; DEP; and diethyl-o-phenylenediacetate. Research Diethyl phthalate
The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
Abbreviations
Research Securite
