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Cedar is a tree which forms fine woods on the mountains of Syria and Asia Minor, the Pinus Cedrus of Linnaeus, the Cedrus Libdni of some other botanists, while by others it is referred to the genus Larix, and by others again, along with the larch, to the genus Abies. It is an evergreen, grows to a great size, and is remarkable for its durability. Of the famous cedars of Lebanon comparatively few now remain, and the tree does not grow in any other part of Palestine. Cedar timber was formerly much prized, but in modern times is not regarded as of much value, perhaps from the trees not being of sufficient age.
Some fine cedars are met with in England. The name is given also to the deodar (Cedar Deoddra), which is indeed regarded by many botanists as a mere variety of the cedar of Lebanon, and which produces excellent timber. It is a native of India, and is a large and handsome tree, growing in the Himalayas to the height of 45 meters, with a circumference of nine metres. It has wide-spreading branches, which droop a little at the extremities. The leaves are tufted or solitary, larger than those of the cedar of Lebanon and very numerous, of a dark-bluish green, and covered with a glaucous bloom. The cones are rather larger than those of the Lebanon cedar, and very resinous. The wood is well adapted for building purposes, being compact and very enduring.
The cedar was introduced into Great Britain in 1822, and is now common in lawns and parks. The MountAtlas cedar (Cedar Atlantica}, as its name implies, is a native of the mountains of North Africa. This cedar, though differing in habit and minor features, is regarded by some botanists as specifically identical with the other two. The name is also applied to many trees which have no relation to the true cedar, as the Bermuda cedar (Juniperus bermudiana), used for making pencils, the red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), the Honduras, or bastard Barbadoes cedar (Cedrela odordta) and the red cedar of Australia (Cedrela australis). Research Cedar
Dr George Berkeley was an Irish philosopher and missionary. He was born in 1685 and died in 1753. He was educated and became a fellow of Trinity College, Dublin, in 1707. He went to England in 1713, and soon came to be on friendly terms with Steele, Addison, Arbuthnot, and Jonathan Swift.
In 1713 he went to the Continent as chaplain to LordPeterborough, and travelled as far as Leghorn, but did not stay long. He went abroad again in 1716, this time as tutor to a young man, and his stay lasted four years, the greater part of the time being spent in Italy. In 1721 he was appointed chaplain to the lord-lieutenant of Ireland, the Duke of Grafton. By a legacy from Miss Vanhomrigh (Jonathan Swift's Vanessa) in 1723 his fortune was considerably increased.
In 1724 he became Dean of Derry. Between 1721 and 1724 he held several offices in Dublin University, and in 1721 had been made DD. He now published his proposals for providing the American plantations with a better supply of religious teachers, and for the conversion of the American natives to Christianity by the establishment of a college in the Bermuda Islands; and subscriptions having been raised, he set sail for Rhode Island in 1728, proposing to wait there until a promised grant of 20,000 pounds had been obtained from the government. The scheme, which was not particularly promising, never got a start, however, and in 1732 he returned to London, where he stayed about two years.
In 1734 he obtained the bishopric of Cloyne, where he spent almost the whole of the remainder of his life. In 1752, giving up the cares of his bishopric, he went to England, and he died suddenly at Oxford in 1753.
George Berkeley holds an important place in the history of philosophy. His new theory of vision was his first remarkable contribution to the subject of philosophy or psychology. In it he maintains that sight gives us nothing beyond sensations that are quite incomplete in themselves, and must be supplemented by tactual sensations, or sensations derived from the sense of touch, and that sight by itself can tell us nothing of distance. By his idealistic metaphysical theory he maintains that the belief in the existence of an exterior material world is false and inconsistent with itself;
that those things which are called sensible material objects are not external but exist in the mind, and are merely impressions made on our minds by the immediate act of God, according to certain rules termed laws of nature, from which he never deviates; and that the steady adherence of the Supreme Spirit to these rules is what constitutes the reality of things to his creatures, and so effectually distinguishes the ideas perceived by sense from such as are the work of the mind itself or of dreams, that there is no more danger of confounding them together on this hypothesis than on that of the existence of matter.
Berkeley was admirable as a writer; as a man he was said by his friend Pope to be possessed of 'every virtue under heaven'. His most celebrated philosophical works are: Essay towards a new Theory of Vision, 1709; a Treatise concerning the Principles of HumanKnowledge, 1710, in which his philosophical theory is fully set forth; Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous, 1713; Alciphron, or the Minute Philosopher, 1732; and Theory of Vision, vindicated and explained, 1733. Another publication of some note in its day was Siris, Philosophical Reflections and Inquiries concerning the Virtues of Tar-water, 1744. Tar-water, the use of which he had learned in America, he regarded as a sort of panacea, good for man and beast, at all times and in all circumstances and all ailments. Other works of his are of a mathematical and theological order. The only complete collection is that of Professor A. CampbellFraser, first edition, three volumes, 1871, with a fourth volume containing Life and Letters; second edition, much improved, with new prefaces, annotations, and Life, 1901. Research George Berkeley
George Tucker was an American politician and historian. He was born in 1775 at bermuda and died in 1861. He went to Virginia from Bermuda about 1787. He represented Virginia in the US Congress as a Democrat from 1819 to 1825. He wrote 'Political History of the United States', extending from 1789 to 1841. Research George Tucker
The first Battle of Drewry's Bluff occurred on May the 15th 1862 when five Federal war-ships, including the Monitor attacked Fort Darling at Drewry's Bluff on the James River in Virginia. Captain Farrand held the fort with 20000 Confederate troops. The Federal fleet was badly disabled and had to retire.
Again between May the 13th and 16th, 1864, during Butler's operations with the Army of the James around Bermuda Hundred, Fort Darling at Drewry's Bluff, was the scene of some sharp fighting. It was held at that time by Beauregard, who had about 20000 men. Butler with an army of some 20000 strong made an attack on the morning of the fourteenth and succeeded in carrying some of the Confederate lines. Beauregard hastened to strengthen his position with reinforcements, which opportunely arrived. On the sixteenth Beauregard made a return attack with a strong force and compelled Butler to retire. Research Battles of Drewry's Bluff
The Battle of Richmond and Petersburg Railroad, Virginia, occurred during the American Civil War when the railway was attacked by General Smith, on May the 6th and 7th, 1864, with about 20,000 men of Butler's Army of the James during the occupation of Bermuda Hundred by that general. Smith commenced to destroy the railway at Walthall Junction, but D H Hill came up with a strong Confederate force. Smith stopped and gave battle to the Confederates. D H Hill was driven away after some sharp fighting. Smith then continued his destruction of the railway, tearing it up for several miles. He was suddenly recalled by Butler on May the 7th, the latter having heard that Robert E Lee was advancing in full force. Research Battle of Richmond and Petersburg Railroad
About the towns of Petersburg and Richmond, Virginia from June, 1864, to April, 1865, there was the most celebrated campaign of the American Civil War. Gradually Ulysses Simpson Grant had forced Robert E Lee's Army of Northern Virginia southward until the Confederates lay posted about Petersburg and Richmond. Ulysses Simpson Grant's army, including drivers, camp followers, etc., numbered nearly 120,000 men, while Robert E Lee was at the head of about 70,000. By June the 10th, 1864, the Confederates were strongly posted, Robert E Lee, with the main command, at Petersburg, and Longstreet on the left at Chapin's Bluff, the line extending along the Boydton Road and Hatcher's Run eastward.
The campaign was opened by Butler, then commanding the Army of the James at Bermuda Hundred. On June the 10th, a Federal force was sent by him under Gillmore and Kautz to destroy the Appomattox bridges and attempt the capture of Petersburg. This expedition failed signally. On June the 14th, Ulysses Simpson Grant sent Smith with a large force upon a similar expedition. Smith delayed, thus giving the Confederates time to assault and defeat him. Ulysses Simpson Grant lost 9000 men in these two expeditions.
The siege of Petersburg practically commenced on June the 18th. Butler had affected a valuable lodgment at Deep Bottom, and, on the twenty-first, forces under Hancock and Wright endeavored to destroy the Weldon Road, but this was frustrated by Hill, who attacked and defeated the Federals disastrously. Then followed Sheridan's victory at Yellow Tavern and Wilson's and Kautz's raid.
On June the 25th, Burnside proposed and began the construction of a mine to blow up the Confederate lines about Petersburg. This mine was in the process of construction until July the 23rd, and was sprung on July the 30th. It consisted of a shaft 530 feet long with lateral terminations forty feet in each direction and was charged with 8000 pounds of gunpowder. Burnside was to rush into the breach and seize Cemetery Hill, commanding the town. A crater 200 feet long by sixty wide was formed by the explosion, and one Confederate regiment was blown up, but the rest poured such a murderous fire upon the advancing Federals that 4000 men were lost, and the attempt failed.
After this things remained comparatively quiet around Petersburg until February, 1865. Then Robert E Lee, having been appointed commander-in-chief of the entire Confederate force, perceiving that his situation was becoming desperate, determined to evacuate Richmond and Petersburg and join Edward Johnston in the south. To cover his retreat, he sent a strong force on the night of March the 24th, 1865, to assault Fort Steedman. The fort was carried at the first assault, but reinforcements failed to come, and the Federals under Parke quickly repelled the assault. Of 5000 Confederates, 3000 were killed, and Robert E Lee's retreat was prevented. The National line then extended without a break from the Appomattox to Dinwiddie Court House.
Dalapon is a low toxicity organochlorine herbicide and plant growth regulator based on sodiumsalt, used to control specific annual and perennial grasses, such as quackgrass, Bermuda grass, Johnson grass, cattails and rushes, chiefly in the sugar growing industry. It is also known as: basfapon B, dalapon sodium, 2-dichloropropionic acid, alpha-alpha-dichloropropionic acid, 2-dichlorpropionsaeure natrium, Dowpon, 2-DPA, gramevin, radapon, sodium dalapon, sodium 2,2-dichloropropionate and unipon. Research Dalapon More information about Dalapon
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