The brougham was a two-wheeled or more usually four-wheeled single horse-drawn enclosed carriage named after Lord Brougham who died in 1868. Research Brougham
A cabriolet (cab) was a vehicle similar to a hackney-carriage with two or four wheels, originally drawn by a single horse but later by a motor. The original cabriolets were for a single passenger beside the driver and were a kind of hooded chaise. In the beginning of the 19th century an effort was made to introduce cabriolets into Britain, to supersede hackney carriages. It was not until 1823, however, that licences were obtained for cabriolets. At first their number was limited to twelve. These were of an improved pattern, with a folding hood, and seated two passengers, the driver being separated from them by a partition. In 1832 all restrictions were removed, and cabriolets came into popular favour. In 1836 a cabriolet on four wheels, the precursor of the brougham, was introduced, and from this the clarence evolved. In 1834 a patent was taken out for an improved, two-wheeled safety cab by Hansom, the architect of Birmingham town hall. The safety consisted in an arrangement of the framework which prevented the cab tilting backwards
or forwards in case of accident. These cabriolets had a small body, hung between wheels of over seven feet diameter. Two years later a fresh patent was obtained for an improved Hansom. Motor cabs were first introduced in 1897, but failed to pay and were phased out, only to start to reappear in London around 1905. Research Cabriolet
The Cadillac Eldorado Brougham was an American two-door sedan car produced from 1957 to 1958 and developed from the earlier 1954 Cadillac Park Avenue. The
Cadillac Eldorado Brougham was powered by a 6384 cc V-eight engine rated at 325 bhp which provided a top speed of 190 kmh. Research Cadillac Eldorado Brougham
The Edinburgh Review was a quarterly review established in 1802. It had an immediate and striking success, the brilliancy and vigour of its articles being much above the periodical literature of that time. In politics it was Whig, and did good service to the party. The Review was founded by a knot of young men living in Edinburgh, the more prominent of whom were Brougham, Jeffrey, SydneySmith, and E Horner. It was edited from 1803 to 1829 by Jeffrey, under whom it was very successful. Research The Edinburgh Review
Caroline was a British queen. She was born in 1768 and died in 1821. She was a daughter of the Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel, and in 1795 she was married to the Prince of Wales, afterwards George IV. The marriage was not to his liking, and after the birth of the PrincessCharlotte he separated from her. Many reports were circulated against her honour, and a ministerial committee was formed to inquire into her conduct. But the people in general sympathized with her, regarding her as an ill-treated wife. In 1814 she made a journey through Germany, Italy, Greece, etc, to Jerusalem, in which an Italian, Bergami, was her confidant and attendant.
When the Prince of Wales ascended the throne in 1820 he offered her an income of 50,000 pounds on condition that she would never return to England. She refused, and in the June of same year entered London amid public demonstrations of welcome. The government now instituted proceedings against her for adultery, but the public feeling and the splendid defence of Brougham obliged the ministry to give up the Divorce Bill after it had passed the Lords. Though banished from the court, the queen now assumed a style suitable to her rank. Research Caroline
Francis Horner was a Scottish politician and economist. He was born in 1778 at Edinburgh and died in 1817. He studied for the Scottish bar, but, exchanging it for the English bar, took up his residence in London in 1803. He had early, with his friends Jeffrey and Brougham, declared his preference for Whig principles, and in 1806, when Charles Fox came into office, obtained through ministerial influence a seat in parliament. He became an authority on financial and economic matters; was chairman of the Bullion Committee of 1810, and was mainly the means of checking the evils of an inconvertible paper currency. He was one of the originators of the Edinburgh Review, for which he wrote many articles. Research Francis Horner
Henry Brougham (BaronBrougham and Vaux) was a Scottish politician. He was born at in 1778 at Edinburgh and died in 1868. He was educated at Edinburgh, studied law there, and was admitted a member of the Society of Advocates in 1800. Along with Jeffrey, Horner, and Sydney Smith he bore a chief part in the starting of the Edinburgh Review in 1802, to which he contributed a great number of articles.
Finding too circumscribed a field for his abilities in Edinburgh he removed to London, and in 1808 was called to the English bar. In 1810 he entered parliament as member for the borough of Camelford, joined the Whig party, which was in opposition, and soon after obtained the passing of a measure making the slave-trade felony. From 1812 until 1816 he remained without a seat, when he was returned for Winchelsea. He represented this borough up to 1830. On his return to parliament he at once began an agitation for social, political, and especially educational reform. In 1825 he was elected LordRector of Glasgow University, and also introduced a bill into parliament for the incorporation of the London University, of which he may be considered one of the chief founders.
He bore an active part in establishing the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in 1827. Meantime his reputation as a brilliant speaker and able barrister had been gradually increasing, and his fearless and successful defence of Queen Caroline in 1820 and 1821 placed him on the pinnacle of popular favour. At the general election of 1830 he was returned for the large and important county of York. In the ministry of Earl Grey he accepted the post of lord-chancellor, and was raised to the peerage in 1830 with the title of BaronBrougham and Vaux. In this post he distinguished himself as a law reformer, and aided greatly in the passing of the Reform Bill of 1832.
In 1834 the Whig ministry were dismissed, and this proved the end of his official life, as he was never afterwards a member of any ministry, though for years he continued an active member of the House of Lords. In connection with his later years we may mention his presidency of the Law Amendment Society and of the Social Science Association. In legal procedure he was the means of introducing various reforms. He latterly resided much at Cannes. LordBrougham accomplished a large amount of literary work, contributing to newspapers, reviews, and encyclopaedias, besides writing several independent works; and he had no mean reputation in mathematics and physical science. His works, collected by himself, and published in eleven volumes between 1857 and 60, include; 1st, Lives of Men of Science, time of George III; 2nd, Lives of Men of Letters, time of George III.; 3rd, 4th, British Statesmen, time of George III; 5th, Foreign Statesmen, time of George III; 6th, Natural Theology; 7th, Rhetorical and Literary Dissertations and Addresses; 8th, Rhetorical and Political Dissertations; 9th and. 10th, Speeches on Social and Political Subjects; llth, The British Constitution. He also wrote an autobiography published posthumously under the title: Life and Times of Henry, LordBrougham. Research Henry Brougham
Lord George Gordon Noel Byron was an English poet. He was born in 1788 at London and died in 1824. He was the grandson of Admiral John Byron, and son of the admiral's only son, CaptainJohn Byron, of the Guards, so notorious for his gallantries and reckless dissipation that he was known as 'Mad Jack Byron.' His mother was Catherine Gordon of Gight, in Aberdeenshire, who was left a widow in 1791. Mrs. Byron retired with the infant poet to Aberdeen, where she lived in seclusion on the ruins of her fortune.
Until the age of seven he was entirely under the care of his mother, and to her injudicious indulgence the waywardness that marked his after career has been partly attributed. On reaching his seventh year he was sent to the grammar-school at Aberdeen, and four years after, in 1798, the death of his grand-uncle gave him the titles and estates of the family. Mother and son then removed to NewsteadAbbey, the family seat, near Nottingham. Soon after Byron was sent to Harrow, where he distinguished himself by his love of manly sports and his undaunted spirit. While yet at school he fell deeply in love with Miss Chaworth, a distant cousin of his own. But the lady slighted the homage of the Harrow school-boy, her junior by two years, and married another and more mature suitor. In The Dream Byron alludes finely to their parting- interview.
In 1805 he was entered to Trinity College, Cambridge. Two years after, in 1807, appeared his first poetic volume, Hours of Idleness, which, though indeed containing nothing of much merit, was castigated with a verseverity by Brougham in the Edinburgh Review. This caustic critique roused the slumbering energy in Byron, and drew from him his first really notable effort, the celebrated satire English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. In 1809, in company with a friend, he visited the southern provinces of Spain, and voyaged along the shores of the Mediterranean. The fruit of these travels was the fine poem of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, the first two cantos of which were published on his return in 1812. The poem was an immense success, and Byron 'awoke one morning and found himself famous.'
His acquaintance was now much courted, and his first entry on the stage of public life may be dated from this era. During the next two years between 1813 and 1814 the Giaour, the Bride of Abydos, the Corsair, Lara, and the Siege of Corinth showed the brilliant work of which the new poet was capable. On the second of January, 1815, Byron married Anna Isabella, only daughter of Sir Ralph Milbanke, but the marriage turned out unfortunate, and in about a year, Lady Byron having gone on a visit to her parents, refused to return, and a formal separation took place. This rupture produced a considerable sensation, and the real cause of it has never been satisfactorily explained. It gave rise to much popular indignation against Byron, who left England, with an expressed resolution never to return.
He visited France, the field of Waterloo and Brussels, the Rhine, Switzerland, and the north of Italy, and for some time took up his abode at Venice, and latterly at Rome, where he completed his third canto of Childe Harold. Not long after appeared the Prisoner of Chillon, The Dream, and other Poems; and in 1817 Manfred, a tragedy, and the Lament of Tasso. From Italy he made occasional excursions to the islands of Greece, and at length visited Athens, where he sketched many of the scenes of the fourth and last canto of Childe Harold. In 1819 was published the romantic tale of Mazeppa, and the same year was marked by the commencement of Don Juan.
In 1820 appeared Marino Faliero Doge of Venice, a tragedy; the drama of Sardanapalus; the Two Foscari, a tragedy; and Gain, a mystery. After leaving VeniceByron resided for some time at Ravenna, then at Pisa, and lastly at Genoa. At Ravenna he became intimate with the Countess Guiccioli, a married lady; and when he removed to Pisa, in 1822, she followed him. There he continued to occupy himself with literature and poetry, sustained for a time by the companionship of Shelley, one of the few men whom he entirely respected and with whom he was quite confidential.
Besides his contributions to the Liberal, a periodical established at this time in conjunction with Leigh Hunt and Shelley, he completed the later cantos of Don Juan, with Werner, a tragedy, and the Deformed Transformed, a fragment. These are the last of Byron's poetical efforts. In 1823, troubled perhaps by the consciousness that his life had too long been unworthy of him, he conceived the idea of throwing himself into the struggle for the independence of Greece. In January, 1824, he arrived at Missolonghi, was received with the greatest enthusiasm, and immediately took into his pay a body of 500 Suliotes. The disorderly temper of these troops, and the difficulties of his situation, together with the malarious air of Missolonghi, began to affect his health. On the 9th April, 1824, while riding out in the rain, he caught a fever, which ten days later ended fatally.
Thus, in his thirty-seventh year, died prematurely a man whose natural force and genius were perhaps superior to those of any Englishman of his time, and, largely undisciplined as they were, and wasted by an irregular life, they acquired for him a name second, in the opinion of continentalEurope at least, to that of no other Englishman of his time. The body of Byron was brought to England and interred near NewsteadAbbey. Research Lord Byron
William Lloyd Garrison was an American journalist and abolitionist. He was born in 1805 at Newburyport, Massachusetts and died in 1879. He was apprenticed to a shoemaker, but eventually began his journalistic career in the employ of the NewburyportHerald in 1818, making-anonymous contributions reproving the general apathy on the subject of slavery. In 1826 he became editor of the Newburyport Free Press and in 1827 he became editor of the National Philanthropist, the first American temperance journal, and afterwards of a journal in support of the election of John Quincy Adams. With Lundy, a Quaker, he then started the paper called the Genius of Universal Emancipation in 1829 and in 1831 started in Boston the Liberator, with the aid of one assistant and a negro boy, which exerted an immense influence against slavery, and which he conducted for thirty-four years until slavery was made illegal in the USA. In 1842 appeared his Thoughts on African Colonization and uin the same year he formed and organised the American Anti-Slavery Society and was its president from 1843 to 1865. He subsequently visited England, where he was welcomed by Wilberforce, Brougham, Buxton, and others. In 1835 he was saved with difficulty from a Boston mob; but his principles made steady progress until 1865, when the Anti-Slavery Society was dissolved with its work supposedly accomplished. Research William Garrison
John Brougham was an Irish actor and dramatist. He was born in 1814 at Dublin 1814 and died in 1880. He wrote upwards of a hundred pieces, including The Game of Life, Romance and Reality, Love's Livery, The Duke's Motto, etc, and contributed largely to periodicals. He was well known as an actor both in England and in America. Research John Brougham
The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
Abbreviations
Research Brougham
