The ISO (International Standards Organisation) assigns a two character code to each country name. These codes are used by Internet 'whois' databases (these two character abbreviations are the whois country codes) and also other applications.
The Marlin 1894 CL is an American reproduction lever-actionrifle made from blued steel with a walnut stock. The Marlin 1894 CL is produced in .25-20 Winchester and .32-20 Winchester calibres which it takes from a 6-round internal tubular magazine. The Marlin 1894 CL has a 22 inch long barrel and is fitted with an adjustable folding sight. Research Marlin 1894 CL
Absolute configuration is a way of denoting the absolute structure of an optical isomer. Two conventions are in use: The D-L convention relates the structure of the molecule to some reference molecule. In the case of sugars and similar compounds, the dextrorotatory form of glyceraldehyde was used. The rule is as follows. Write the structure of this molecule down with the asymmetric carbon in the centre, the -CHO group at the top, the -OH on the right, the -CH2OH at the bottom, and the -H on the left. Now imagine that the central carbonatom is at the centre of a tetrahedron with the four groups at the corners and that the -H and -OH come out of the paper and the -CHO and -CH2OH groups go into the paper. The resulting three-dimensional structure was taken to be that of d-glyceraldehyde and called D-glyceraldehyde. Any compound that contains an asymmetric carbonatom having this configuration belongs to the D-series. One having the opposite configuration belongs to the L-series. It is important to note that the prefixes D- and L- do not stand for dextrorotatory and laevorotatory (they are not the same as d- and l-).
In fact the arbitrary configuration assigned to D-glyceraldehyde is now known to be the correct one for the dextrorotatory form, although this was not known at the time. However, all D-compounds are not dextrorotatory. For instance, the acid obtained by oxidizing the -CHO group of glyceraldehyde is glyceric acid (1,2-dihydroxypropanoic acid). By convention, this belongs to the D-series, but it is in fact laevorotatory; i.e. its name can be written as D-glyceric acid or l-glyceric acid. To avoid confusion it is better to use + (for dextrorotatory) and - (for laevorotatory), as in D-(+)-glyceraldehyde and D-(-)-glyceric acid. The D-L convention can also be used with alpha amino acids. In this case the molecule is imagined as being viewed along the H-C bond between the hydrogen and the asymmetric carbonatom. If the clockwise order of the other three groups is -COOH, -R, -NH2, the amino acid belongs to the D-series; otherwise it belongs to the L-series. This is known as the CORN rule.
The R-S convention is a convention based on priority of groups attached to the chiral carbonatom. The order of priority is I, Br, Cl, SO3H, OCOCH3, OCH3, OH, NO2, NH2, COOCH3, CONH2, COCH3, CHO, CH2OH, C6H5, C2H5, CH3, H, with hydrogen being the lowest. The molecule is viewed with the group of lowest priority behind the chiral atom. If the clockwise arrangement of the other three groups is in descending priority, the compound belongs to the R-series; if the descending order is anticlockwise it is in the S-series. D-(+)-glyceraldehyde is R-(+)-glyceraldehyde. Research Absolute Configuration
OmniPage by the Caere Corporation is an optical character recognition program capable of reading documents into a Macintosh II or MacintoshSE or PC running Windows in word processing or TIFFformat. OmniPage augments desktop publishing systems by solving the input side of the desktop publishing, just as desktop publishing programs and laser printers solve the output side. OmniPage scans in documents and the results appear in a file for editing. This file can be preset as a text file, a text file without returns, a MacWrite file (essentially unformatted), or an Excel- compatible (tab-delimited) file, which can be read by most spreadsheet and database programs. Additional file formats include WordPerfect and Microsoft Word. Characters that cannot be read are replaced with the tilde (~) character. You can then edit the scanned text in your favourite application or using the programs Transitional Editor. On average, OmniPage scans with an accuracy of 95% or better. The product removes graphics so they do not interfere with
text scanning. The graphics can be scanned into a separate graphics file. OmniPage lets users choose only paragraphs they want, and allows resequencing them before recognition takes place, saving editing time. OmniDraft recognizes 8- or 9-pin dot-matrix draft text. OmniSpell is an internal spellchecker, which corrects typical optical errors such as a '5' in place of an 'S' or a 'cl' in place of a 'd.' Research Omni Page
Valency is the maximum combining power of a chemical element. The valency is expressed in relation to the number of hydrogen atoms with which one atom of another element can combine. For example, chlorine, bromine, and iodine combine with or can replace one atom of hydrogen, these elements being called univalent or monads. When an element such as oxygen combines with two atoms of hydrogen it is termed bivalent or dyad, when with three atoms (egnitrogen), trivalent or triad, and with four (egcarbon), quadrivalent or tetrad.
Other elements show higher valencies, the terms used being quinquivalent or pentad, sexivalent or hexad, septivalent or heptad, and octavalent or octad. Where an element such as argon does not combine with another element it is said to be non-valent. The valency of the elements has been ascertained by experiment.
Valencies are indicated in what are known as graphic symbols by bonds, eghydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid) is shown as H-Cl. There is, however, the difficulty that some elements do not exhibit a constant valency. Phosphorus, for instance, combines with chlorine in two proportions, one containing three atoms of chlorine, and the other five, To explain this it is suggested that there are differences in the condition of the atoms, especially in their states of motion. Research Valency
The Canadair CL-13 Sabre was a Canadian single-seater fighter aircraft based on the American F-86 Sabre, in service from 1951 to the late 1960s. The Cl-13 Sabre mark 5 was powered by an Avro Canada Orenda 10 turbojet giving a top speed of 974 kmh and a maximum range of 1963 km when fitted with drop tanks. The CL-13 Sabre was armed with six Browning 0.5 inch calibreM3 heavy machine-guns on the sides of the forward fuselage and was fitted with two under-wing hard points each rated at 454 kg which could be fitted with up to 907 kg of disposable stores including free-fall bombs, chemical bombs, napalm tanks, or eight unguided missiles. Research Canadair CL-13 Sabre
The Canadair CL-215 is a Canadian multi-role amphibian flying boat designed during the 1960's primarily for fighting forest fires, first flown in 1967, entering service in 1969. The Canadair CL-215 is powered by two Pratt and Whitney R-2800-CA3 Double Wasp radial piston engines providing a top speed of 291 kmh and a range of 2094 km. The Canadair CL-215 carries a crew of two and up to 19 passengers or 3864 kg of freight in the cabin or in the fire-fighting role as a water-bomber 12000 lbs of water, taken aboard while planing across a lake with a lowered scoop for a distance of about 1.5 km. Research Canadair CL-215
The Canadair CL-28 Argus was a Canadian maritime reconnaissance platform warplane with anti-submarine capability in service from 1957 to 1981. The Canadair CL-28 was powered by four Wright R-3350-TC981-EA1 Turbo-Compound radial piston engines providing a top speed of 507 kmh and a range of 6437 km or an endurance of 26 hours 30 minutes. The Canadair CL-28 carried a flight crew of five, a relief crew of four and a six member mission crew in the cabin. Up to 11,800 lbs of disposable stores could be carried in a lower-fuselage weapon bay and on two under-wing hard points. Research Canadair CL-28
The Canadair CL-41 (CT-114) Tutor is a Canadian two-seater basic/advanced jet flying trainer aircraft with armament training and light attack capabilities. The Canadair CL-41 first flew in 1960 as a private venture and a number were then bought by the Canadian Air Force in 1961, entering service in 1963. The
Canadair CL-41A Tutor is a low-wing cantilever monoplane powered by an Orenda J85-CAN-J4 turbojet providing a maximum speed of 801 kmh and a range of 1002 km. The Canadair CL-41A Tutor can carry up to 2000 lbs of disposable stores on two under-wing hard points.
A two seater jet counter-insurgency and armament training version, the CL-41G was later produced. The CL-41G was powered by a General Electric J85-F4 turbojet engine providing a top speed of 755 kmh. Research Canadair CL-41
The Canadair CL-44 (Canadair 400) Yukon was a British-designed Canadian long-range passenger/transport aircraft based on the British Bristol Britannia and the Canadair CL-28. The Canadair CL-44 entered service in 1961 and was withdrawn in the late 1970's. The Canadair CL-44-6 was a low-wing cantilever monoplane powered by four Rolls-RoyceTyne Rty.12 turboprops providing a top speed of 649 kmh and a range of 3798 km fully laden. The Canadair CL-44-6 carried a flight crew of between four and six and up to 189 passengers (transatlantic version), 214 passengers (short haul version), 134 troops (military transport version) or 60480 lbs of freight in the cabin. Research Canadair CL-44
The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
Abbreviations
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