In logic, a category, or predicament, is an assemblage of all the beings contained under any genus or kind ranged in order. The ancients, following Aristotle, held that all beings or objects of thought may be referred to ten categories: quantity, quality, relation, action, passion, time, place, situation, and habit. Plato admits only five: substance, identity, diversity, motion, and rest; the Stoics four: subjects, qualities, independent circumstances, relative circumstances. Descartes suggested seven divisions: spirit, matter, quantity, substance, figure, motion, and rest. Others make but two categories, substance and attribute, or subject and accident; or three, accident being divided into the inherent and circumstantial.
In the philosophy of Kant the term categories is applied to the primitive conceptions originating in the understanding independently of all experience (hence called pure conceptions), though incapable of being realized in thought except in their application to experience. These he divides into four classes, quantity, quality, relation, and modality, placing under the first class the conceptions of unity, plurality, and totality; under the second, reality, negation, and limitation; under the third, inherence and subsistence, causality and dependence, and community (mutual action); and under the fourth, possibility and impossibility, existence and non-existence, necessity and contingency. J S Mill applies the term categories to the most general heads under which everything that may be asserted of any subject may be arranged. Of these he makes five, existence, co-existence, sequence, causation, and resemblance, or, considering causation as a peculiar case of sequence, four. Research Category
Chloral hydrate is a white crystalline solid with a faint odour used in medicine as a hypnotic since 1869. Related to chloroform, chloral hydrate is not as strong as some of the more recent drugs in this category, but administered with alcohol, the crystalline powder - the so-called 'knockout drops' - can produce coma. Chloral hydrate also irritates mucous membranes and skin. Research Chloral hydrate
10BaseT is an Ethernetcabling specification. Data is transmitted at a rate of 10Mbps along unshielded twisted pair cables (category 3 or better) to workstations a maximum of 328 feet from the hub. Each hub can connect twelve workstations, and twelve hubs can be connected to a central hub. Research 10BaseT
SmartWare II, by Informix Software, is the updated version of the Smart Software System. It consists of four modules: database, spreadsheet with graphics, word processor, and communications. Each of the modules is powerful enough to be compared to a standalone product in its category. SmartWare II offers a complete selection of powerful features to facilitate the building of complex custom applications and programs. It has been used extensively in companies that develop internal turnkey systems. The package provides Project Processing and a built-in application language with all four modules. Project Processing gives you access to all the SmartWare II commands, as well as over 75 programming commands, and supports programming structures such as IF-ELSE, FOR, and WHILE. You can also define your own functions with Project Processing. The SmartWare II database more closely resembles a standalone database than any of the other integrated programs. The size of the database is determined by the amount of disk space because SmartWare II writes data to
disk as RAM becomes limited. There is a report generator which allows combination of data from up to 100 files in one report and you can design custom data screens that display information from as many as 127 files on one screen. The Query-by-Example feature helps to quickly find specific data simply by selecting a sample of the type of data to extract. Research SmartWare II
Argillaceous rocks (or argillites) are clayey sedimentary rocks of fine-grained sediments composed of particles that are less than 0.0625 mm in size. Mudstones, clays, shales, marls, and silts are all examples. Most argillaceous rocks contain material of two types: clay minerals and rock flour, the latter consisting of very fine particles of quartz, feldspar, and other rock-forming minerals. The great majority of argillaceous rocks have been deposited in water, whether in the sea, in estuaries, or in lakes. There are also terrestrial deposits in this category, such as loess and clays of glacial origin. Research Argillaceous
Sedimentary rock is a deposit that has been laid down by water, wind, ice, or gravity. The material of which sedimentary rocks are composed has usually been transported from its source. They have accumulated at or near the Earth' s surface at normal temperatures and pressures, and are thus distinguished from igneous rocks, which have originated as magma in a molten or semi- molten state, and from metamorphic rocks, which have been produced by the effects of heat or pressure. Many sedimentary rocks were deposited in water in which the transported material was in a state of suspension or solution. After deposition they have been consolidated. Some, such as loess, were deposited by the wind; some, such as boulderclay, are the result of glacial action; some have simply accumulated in place. Sediments can be divided into three groups: clastic rocks, chemical precipitates, and organic sediments. Of these, clastic sediments are the most abundant. They are made up of fragments of pre-existing rocks. Clays, sands, and gravels are in this category.
Chemical precipitates include some limestones (the English Chalk, for example) and deposits formed by the evaporation of lakes or seawater. These deposited rocks include gypsum and halite. Organic sediments are those formed largely of the remains of once-living organisms: examples are coal, oil shale, and limestones made mainly of fossil material.
By volume, sedimentary rocks make up only five per cent of the known crust of the Earth, compared with 95 per cent of igneous rocks. They are, however, exposed on over two-thirds of the Earth's land surface, forming thin but extensive deposits. The commonest types are shales, sand-stones, and limestones. The earliest known sedimentary rocks came from the Barberton Mountain Land of South Africa; these have been dated as 3,500 million years old. Research Sedimentary Rock
The Fuji F-200 is a series of Japanese light aircraft developed in 1964 and first flown in 1965. The original Fuji F-200 was a four-seater light-aircraft, the Fuji F-201 was a two/three seater sporting version and the Fuji F-202 a two-seater category A aerobatic version. The basic Fuji F-200 was a low-wing cantilever monoplane powered by a Lycoming O-320-B2B four-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 224 kmh and a range of 1500 km. A STOL research model, the Fuji F-200 Kai also known as the Fuji F-203 was produced powered by a Lycoming IO-360-B1B engine. Research Fuji F-200
The Lesher Teal was an American single-seater amateur-built pusher monoplane designed to meet FAI C-1-a category requirements for aircraft weighing under 500 kg at take-off. The Lesher Teal was a shoulder-wing cantilever monoplane of aluminium construction powered by a Continental O-200-A four-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engine providing a cruising speed of 290 kmh and a range of 3220 km. The Lesher Teal achieved FAI speed records in 1967 averaging 291 kmh around a 500 km closed circuit and 272 kmh around a 1000 km closed circuit. Research Lesher Teal
Gap analysis is a methodical tabulation of all the known requirements of consumers in a particular category of products, together with a cross- listing of all the features provided by existing products to satisfy these requirements. Such a chart shows up any gaps that exist and therefore provides a pointer to any new products that could supply an unfulfilled demand. Research Gap Analysis
A managed fund is a fund, made up of investments in a wide range of securities, that is managed by a life- assurance company to provide low risk investments for the smaller investor, usually in the form of investment bonds, unit trusts, or unit-linked saving plans. The fund managers will have a stated investment policy favouring a specific category of investments. Research Managed Fund
The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
Abbreviations
Research Category
