In law, a confidential communication is a communication made by one person to another which the latter cannot be compelled to give in evidence as a witness. Generally all communications made between a client and his agent, between the agent and the counsel in a suit, or between the several parties to a suit, are treated as confidential. The privilege of confidentiality does not extend to disclosures made to a medical adviser, and in England it has been decided also that confessions made to a priest are not to be treated as confidential. Research Confidential Communication
A hostess bar is a bar typified by employing attractive women, usually but not necessarily prostitutes, whose job is to entertain customers. Customers entering such a bar are required to purchase drinks, and if they require the companionship of a hostess, they are required to purchase her drinks also - usually a very expensive cocktail or glass of champagne. To retain the companionship of the hostess the client is required to buy more drinks for her. These drinks hostesses can consume at an alarming rate. Hostess bars are found in major Western cities, such as London and Paris. During the 1990s a variation on the hostess bar evolved, that of the table or lap dancing bar. At these venues clients can pay a female performer to perform a naked or more usually semi-naked striptease, at their table or on their lap. Often table or lap dancers will also double as hostesses, mingling with the customers and encouraging the purchase of drinks from the bar. Often hostesses and also dancers, are not employed by the bar, but pay the bar owner a rent in order to
work on the premises, receiving back a percentage of monies earned and earning tips from customers. Research Hostess Bar
A scam is a trick or fraud. All scams rely on a single premise in order to function; the greed of the victim. Popular scams through the ages have ranged from low-key confidence tricks such as the 'find the lady' scam performed on street corners by card sharps in which victims are encouraged to bet on being able to locate the position of a specific playing card - often a queen - which is in a row of three cards mixed by the performer, though elaborate frauds such as the 'sale' of London's Tower Bridge or Australia's Sydney Opera House to unsuspecting foreign millionaires. A popular scam is the 'get rich quick' scam in which victims are invited to send money for details or a book proffering to detail a sure-fire method of achieving immense earnings with negligible effort. The secret to doing so is to place adverts in newspapers or on the Internet inviting people to send money for details or a book detailing how to earn vast income with negligible effort.
During the late 1990's a new scam appeared in Britain, or at least became more obvious. That of the 'male escort'. Adverts appeared, generally in free newspapers where advertising rates are very low, purporting to be recruiting 'male escorts', and explaining that age, size and looks are unimportant to earn up to five-hundred pounds a night with the implied bonus of having sex with beautiful women. The 'agencies' offering to recruit such men in reality require interested parties to send a registration fee for inclusion in their catalogue of escorts. Any cynical prospect who considers checking the agency catalogue first, to ensure that they are genuine, finds that prospective customers also have to send a registration fee before being allowed access to the catalogue. In comparison, genuine escort agencies do not require a registration fee from clients, instead the client simply contacts the agency with their requirements and is suggested a suitable escort, which they may then contact or gracefully decline.
The growth of the Internet saw with it the growth of another scam. That of the 'affiliate scheme' where naïve web site publishers are enticed to place an advert for a third company which in turn offers a percentage sales commission for all sales originating from customers who have accessed the web site through the advert placed on the web site publisher's own site. Very often - but not always - these schemes have get out clauses that allow the company to avoid paying sales commission, perhaps because they claim at their discretion that the web site publisher has broken the rules of the affiliation, or because they claim that the customer has not originated from the advert. By paying a small amount of money these scams operate the same as the classic 'find the lady' scam, by enticing a few naïve victims with a small amount of revenue to recommend them to many more naïve victims who never receive anything. Most of the victims of the affiliate scam are teenagers who publish small web sites and who lack the experience to read the contract, and the money to pursue claims for owed monies which are almost impossible to prove anyway.
The most insidious of all scams is 'The Nigerian Scam', which follows a general pattern of a victim receives correspondence, often by email, purporting to come from a close relative of a dead African - originally a Nigerian, whence the name - politician or some such who just before his death deposited a large amount of money in a European bank account. The scam implores the victim to assist in retrieving the money, as the scammer is unable to leave his country. In return, the victim is offered a large amount of money, perhaps as much as $50 million. The victim is asked to contact the scammer and then later is asked to send some money to assist with arrangements, or to travel to Africa with some money to make arrangements. Several victims travelling to Africa have subsequently disappeared, presumed murdered and robbed. Research Scam
In England, an attorney is a person appointed to do something for and in the stead and name of another. An attorney may have general powers to act for another; or his power may be special, and limited to a particular act or acts. A special attorney is appointed by a deed called a power or letter of attorney, specifying the acts which he is authorized to do. An attorney at law is a person qualified to appear for another before a court of law to prosecute or defend any action on behalf of his client. The term in England was formerly applied especially to those practising before the supreme courts of common law at Westminster, and corresponded to the term solicitor used in courts of Chancery; but this distinction has been abolished, and solicitor is now the regular term for all such legal agents. In the United States the term is in common use, and is wide enough to include what in England would be called barristers (or counsel), in Scotland advocates, having indeed the general sense of lawyer. Research Attorney
A barber is someone who shaves and cuts the hair of a client for business. In England, a barber was formerly also a surgeon, and they were called Barber-Surgeons. A London company of barbers was formed in 1308. The union of barbers and surgeons was dissolved in 1540 by an act of Henry VIII which stated that; 'No person using any shaving or barbery in London shall occupy any surgery, letting of blood, or other matter, except only drawing of teeth.' And that the surgeons were not to shave or practise 'barbery,' and the barbers were to perform no higher surgical operation than blood-letting and tooth-drawing. This continued until the time of George II. The signs of the old profession - the pole which the patient grasped, its spiral decoration in imitation of the bandage, and the basin to catch the blood - are still sometimes retained. The barbers' shops, always notorious for gossip, were in some measure the news-centres of classic and mediaeval times. Research Barber
In ancient Rome, clients were citizens of the lower ranks who chose a patron from the higher classes, whose duty it was to advise and assist them, particularly in legal cases, and in general to protect them. The clients, on the other hand, were obliged to portion the daughters of the patron if he had not sufficient fortune; to follow him to the wars; to vote for him if he was candidate for an office, etc. This relation continued until the time of the emperors. Research Client
Janie Jones is an English singer and former brothel-keeper. She was born in 1941. In 1974 she was sentenced to seven years imprisonment for controlling prostitutes - an unprecedented sentence which concluded a campaign of police harassment and perjury, believed to be because unlike a rival brothel-keeper, MsJones did not invite senior policeman to her celebrated Friday night musical evenings at which guests would secretly watch through a two-way mirror as another guest performed sexual intercourse with Franie Kum, one of the prostitutes. The unusually harsh sentence was handed out by Judge King-Hamilton, whom Private Eye magazine later claimed had been a client of the Earls Courtdominatrix, Lindi St Clair. Research Janie Jones
602Pro Personal Office Server is a personal communication centre for email, faxes, voice mail, and alphanumeric messaging. With this advanced email client, you can send and receive faxes from any Windows application, and also set up your computer as an answering machine. You can organize all of your communication by forwarding email, voice mail, and faxes from your home computer to your office email address. Let your email follow you wherever you go with your alphanumericcell phone or pager. Research 602Pro Personal Office Server
Basys is a client-server computer system used by almost all broadcasting organisations for storing and manipulating newsroom information including: wire stories, show scripts, assignment lists and contact files. The main database runs on a UNIX file server (usually two or three mirrored computers) supporting a number of client workstations which are either dumb terminals (VT) or DOS/ Windows based PCs. The system is used by journalists to write the news stories which are then broadcast. Basys is very configurable, and many organisations use customised versions - the BBC's version being called 'Edit'. Research Basys
A browser sniffer is a script, usually a JavaScript, embedded in an HTML web page which attempts to determine the client web browser being used to access the page. A browser sniffer attempts to read the USER AGENT parameter passed by the clientbrowser, and may redirect the reader automatically to different web pages depending upon the perceived browser in use. Browser sniffers are used because of incompatibilities in the enhanced functionality offered by different web browsers, and the desire of web page designers to achieve a consistent look-and-feel to their web pages across different platforms. Research Browser Sniffer
The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
Abbreviations
Research Confidential Communication
