The Bedlington Terrier is a British breed of dog first developed in the 1820s when Joseph Ainsley developed them crossing with Whippets to produce an active, playful huntingdog which is fast enough to hunt rabbits and hares as well as rabbits, and with a willingness to swim became a favourite with poachers. Their tenacious nature has also been utilized in dog- fighting circles.
The Bedlington Terrier derived its name from Bedlington, in Northumberland, having first become well known as a favourite among the miners of that place. It is a dog of moderate size, head rather long, with a light, silky tuft on top, ears hanging close to the cheeks, legs moderately long and strong, tail tapering to the point, which is almost bare; colour, dark blue, blue and tan, liver, liver and tan, sandy, or sandy and tan; courageous, intelligent and generally useful. Research Bedlington Terrier
The Dachshund, Teckel or badger dog is a small German dog originally bred for badgerhunting in the Middle Ages. The body is extraordinarily long, the ears pendulous and the legs very short. Dachshunds are very affectionate and courageous animals. Research Dachshund
Eagle is the name given to several large birds of prey of the sub-family Aquilinoe of the great family Falconidae, which includes the eagles, falcons, and hawks. The eagle is popularly, though erroneously, regarded as the noblest and most courageous of the rapacious birds. In fact, as the eagle swoops down silently on suspecting prey without warning, it is neither noble nor courageous. The eagle soars to a greater height than any other European bird, from which circumstance the ancients considered it as the bird or messenger of Jove.
The genusAquila which includes the most typical eagles, is distinguished by its long and powerful bill, the curve commencing at the cere, by its wings reaching to the tip of the tail, and by its tarsi being feathered to the toes.
The imperial eagle (Aquila imperialis) of Central Europe is probably the species to which the popular belief in the courage, strength, and nobleness of eagles is to be traced. Aquila chrysaetus, the golden eagle, is the chief British species. It measures over 180 cm (6 feet) from tip to tip of the expanded wings, and 240 cm (8 feet) from the beak to the end of the tail. The adults have the body brownish, becoming darker with age; the feathers of the head and neck pointed, and of a golden-red hue. This species is found all over the northern hemisphere. It was once common in the Highlands of Scotland, but started becoming rare in the 19th century. The Kirghis and other tribes of Central Asia use the golden eagle to kill antelopes, foxes, and even wolves.
Another British eagle is the erne or sea-eagle (Haliaetus albicilla) found near the sea-coast or lakes, and feeding largely on fish. The general colour is greyish-brown, the head pale-coloured, the tail white.
The bald eagle (Haliaetus leucocephalus), found in North America and North-east Asia, is the symbol of the United States, though Franklin deplored the selection on account of the bald eagle's mean and dishonest habit of robbing the industrious osprey of the fish it has caught. Like all members of the genus his diet is less restricted than that of the true eagles; and he even takes carrion. Another eagle (Circaetus gallicus), the serpent eagle, Or short-toed eagle, ranges through Southern Europe, Asia, and especially North Africa. In structure and habits this bird approaches the buzzards. Research Eagle
The Hispano or Spanish Anglo-Arab is a Spanish breed of fast, agile, courageoushorse used for working with bulls, in and out of the bull-ring. The Hispano was developed from a cross of Arab and Andalusian mares with an English Thoroughbredstallion. The Hispano stands between 14.3 and 16 hands high and is bay, grey or chestnut in colour. Research Hispano
The Karabair is an old Uzbek breed of horse developed through a mix of Arab and Mongol horses. The Karabair stands between 14.2 and 15 hands high and is mostly grey, chestnut or brown in colour. A fast, and courageous breed, the Karabair is used for riding and driving as well as to play the fast and violent Uzbek game of Kokpar. Research Karabair
Jean de Gerson, properly Jean Charlier was a French theologian. He was born in 1363 at Gerson and died in 1429. He studied at the University of Paris, received the doctorate in 1392, and in 1395 became Chancellor of the University.
He was ardent and courageous in advocating improvements and reforms, but mostly only succeeded in making for himself powerful enemies. He is mainly remembered in connection with his efforts to bring about a cessation of the great schism which had divided the church since 1378. His proposal was to depose both the rival popes and elect a third in their room - a step which was actually taken by the council held at Pisa in 1109, of which Jean de Gerson was a member as
deputy of the University of Paris.
This proceeding, however, was a failure, the only result being that there were three rival popes instead of two. When the Council of Constance (1414-1418), in which also Jean de Gerson took a leading part, likewise proved unable to settle the differences existing in the church, he at last gave up the struggle in despair, and not daring to return to France, where his enemies had then the upper hand, sought shelter for a time in Bavaria and Austria. In 1419 he returned to his native country, and spent the last ten years of his life with his brother, the prior of a community of Celestine monks at Lyons, living an ascetic life, and devoting himself to religious meditation and the composition of theological and other treatises. The authorship of the Imitation of Christ, by Thomas-a-Kempis, was at one time erroneously ascribed to him. Research Jean de Gerson
Mary I was queen of England from 1553 to 1558. She was born in 1516 and died of cancer in 1558. Mary I was the first Queen Regnant (that is, a queen reigning in her own right rather than a queen through marriage to a king). Courageous and stubborn, her character was moulded by her earlier years: an Act of Parliament in 1533 had declared her illegitimate and removed her from the succession to the throne (she was reinstated in 1544, but her half-brother Edward removed her from the succession once more shortly before his death), whilst she was pressurised to give up the Mass and acknowledge the English ProtestantChurch. Mary restored papal supremacy in England, abandoned the title of Supreme Head of the Church, reintroduced Roman Catholic bishops and began the slow reintroduction of monastic orders. Mary I also revived the old heresy laws to secure the religious conversion of the country; heresy was regarded as a religious and civil offence amounting to treason (to believe in a different religion from the Sovereign was an act of defiance and disloyalty).
As a result, around 300 Protestant heretics were burnt in three years - apart from eminent Protestantclergy such as Thomas Cranmer (a former archbishop and author of two Books of Common Prayer), Latimer and Ridley, these heretics were mostly poor and self-taught people, leading to her being known as 'Bloody Mary'. Apart from making Mary I deeply unpopular, such treatment demonstrated that people were prepared to die for the Protestant settlement established in Henry's reign. The progress of Mary I's conversion of the country was also limited by the vested interests of the aristocracy and gentry who had bought the monastic lands sold off after the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and who refused to return these possessions voluntarily as Mary I invited them to do.
Aged 37 at her accession, Mary I wished to marry and have children, thus leaving a Catholic heir to consolidate her religious reforms, and removing her half-sister Elizabeth (a focus for Protestant opposition) from direct succession. Mary I's decision to marry Philip, King of Spain from 1556, in 1554 was very unpopular; the protest from the Commons prompted Mary I's reply that Parliament was 'not accustomed to use such language to the Kings of England' and that in her marriage 'she would choose as God inspired her'. The marriage was childless, Philip spent most of it on the continent, England obtained no share in the Spanish monopolies in New World trade and the alliance with Spain dragged England into a war with France. Popular discontent grew when Calais, the last vestige of England's possessions in France dating from William the Conqueror's reign, was captured by the French in 1558. Dogged by ill health, Mary I died later that year leaving the crown to her half-sister Elizabeth. Research Mary I
HMS Courageous was a British Courageous Class aircraft carrier of 18600 tons displacement, originally built as a shallow draftcruiser in 1915 under the Emergency War Programme to operate in the Baltic. It was the first Allied warship to be sunk by enemy action in the Second World War. She was sunk on 17th September 1939 by U-29. HMS Courageous was powered by eighteen Yarrow boilers providing a top speed of 31 knots. She was armed with sixteen 4.7 inch guns, four 3-pounder guns and fifty smaller guns and carried a crew of 1100 and six aircraft comprising two Flycatcher fighter aircraft, two Fairey III reconnaissance and two Darttorpedo aircraft. Research Courageous
HMS Courageous is a British Churchill Class fleet submarine of 4800 tons displacement dived launched in 1970. HMS Courageous is powered by a pressurised water-cooled PWR 1 nuclear reactor driving English Electric geared steam turbines providing a top speed of 28 knots. She carries a crew of 116 including 13 officers and is armed with McDonnell Douglas UGM-84B Sub-Harpoon surface-to-surface missiles and six 21 inch bow torpedo tubes taking the MarconiTigerfish Mk 24 Mod 2 torpedo or mines can be carried in place of torpedoes. Research Courageous II
HMS Glorious was a British Courageous Class aircraft carrier of 18600 tons displacement and sister ship to HMS Courageous. Like HMS Courageous, HMS Glorious was completed in 1917 as a fast cruiser for use in the Great War in the Baltic, but by the 1920s with Britain wanting to increase her aircraft carrier strength she was converted to an aircraft carrier, as was HMS Courageous. HMS Glorious was powered by eighteen Yarrow boilers providing a top speed of 31 knots. She was armed with sixteen 4.7 inch guns, four 3-pounder guns and fifty smaller guns and carried a crew of 1100 and six aircraft comprising two Flycatcher fighter aircraft, two Fairey III reconnaissance and two Darttorpedo aircraft. Research Glorious
The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
Abbreviations
Research Bedlington Terrier
