In English law, abatement refers to legal proceedings that are formerly abated, or ended, on the marriage, death or bankruptcy of one party, or some change of interest in the matter in dispute.
Abatement of nuisances is the remedy allowed to a person injured by a public or private nuisance, of destroying or removing it himself. A plea in abatement is brought forward by a defendant when he wishes to defeat or quash a particular action on some formal or technical ground. Abatement, in mercantile law, is an allowance, deduction, or discount made for prompt payment or other reason. Research Abatement
The Chatham Chest (later GreenwichChest) was a fund established in 1590 on the recommendation of Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Hawkins for the relief of sick and wounded seamen. The deduction of money from seamen's pay to the fund ceased in 1829 by which time the fund was practically merged in the general relief funds of the GreenwichHospital. Research Chatham Chest
In reasoning, deduction is the act or method of drawing inferences, or of deducing conclusions from premises; or that which is drawn from premises. Research Deduction
Grammar, in reference to any language, is the system of rules, principles, and facts which must be known in order to speak and write the language correctly. Comparative grammar treats of the laws, customs, and forms which are shown by comparison to be common to various languages; general or universal grammar, of those laws which, by logical deduction, are demonstrated to be common to all. The divisions of grammar vary with the class and also with the method of treatment. In common English grammars the division is generally fourfold: orthography, which treats of the proper spelling of words, and includes orthoepy, treating of the proper pronunciation; etymology, which treats of their derivations and inflections; syntax, of the laws and forms of construction common to compositions in prose and verse; prosody, of the laws peculiar to verse. Although the systematization of grammar had begun in some sort in Plato's time it was chiefly to the Alexandrian writers that it owed its development. The first Greek grammar for Roman students was that of Dionysius Thrax, in use about 80 BC. Comparative grammar can only be said to have existed from the beginning of the 19th century, when the critical study of Sanskrit established the affinities of the languages of the Indo-European group. The names of Bopp, Grimm, Pott, Schleicher, Milller, etc, are especially associated with its development. Research Grammar
Natural deduction is a system of formal logic that has no axioms but permits the assumption of premises of an argument. Such a system uses sequents to record which assumptions are operative at any stage. Research Natural deduction
A sweepstake is a form of gambling in which those taking part pay money into a common fund which, after the deduction of expenses, is divided between those who have drawn certain numbered tickets. Research Sweepstake
Double taxation is taxation that falls on the same source of income in more than one country. Taxation is normally levied on a person's world-wide income in his country of residence. He may also be taxed in other countries in which he has a permanent trading establishment. Because this would inhibit trade, arrangements are normally made to mitigate or abolish this double taxation. This is often achieved by double-taxation treaties between countries; it may also be imposed by a country unilaterally. The principal methods of double- taxation relief are: (1) inclusion of the income in one country after deduction of the tax levied in the other; (2) agreement between countries that only one of them will tax the income; and (3) double- tax credits, enabling one country to allow a credit against its own tax for the tax paid in the other country. Research Double Taxation
An investment grant (or investment incentive) is a grant made to a company by a government to encourage investment in plant, machinery, buildings, etc. The incentives may take various forms, some being treated as a deduction for tax purposes, others being paid whether or not the company makes a profit. Research Investment Grant
The National Savings Stock Register is an organisation run by the Department for National Savings to enable members of the public to purchase certain Treasury stock and other gilts as an alternative to the main Bank of England Register. Purchases and sales are made by post and income is taxable, but is paid before deduction of tax (unlike the Bank of England Register). Because transactions are carried out by post, this method does not provide the maximum flexibility for dealing in a moving market. Research National Savings Stock Register
The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
Abbreviations
Research Abatement
