Dew is a deposition of water from the atmosphere upon the surface of the earth in the form of minute globules. During the day the earth both absorbs and emits heat, but after sunset its supply of warmth is cut off, though it still continues to radiate heat into the surrounding space. Grass, flowers, and foliage being good radiators, lose after sunset the heat which has previously been absorbed by them, without receiving any in return, and their temperature consequently falls considerably below that of the atmosphere. From the proximity of these cold substances the particles of vapour in the adjoining air are condensed and deposited upon their surfaces in the form of dew, or of hoar-frost where the temperature of the earth is below freezing.
When the sky is clouded the heat abstracted from the earth's surface by radiation is restored by the clouds, which, being good radiators, send back an equal amount of heat to what they receive; and a balance of temperature being thus maintained between the earth and the surrounding atmosphere, no dew is formed. The deposition of dew is likewise prevented by wind, which carries away the particles of air before the vapour contained in them has been condensed. Horizontal surfaces, and those which are exposed to a wide expanse of sky, receive a greater supply of dew than sheltered or oblique surfaces, where circumstances diminish the amount of radiation. The radiation from the earth's surface is one of those happy provisions for the necessities of living beings with which nature everywhere abounds.
The heavy dews which fall in tropical regions are in the highest degree beneficial to vegetation, which, but for this supply of moisture, would, in countries where scarcely any rain falls for months, be soon scorched and withered. But after the high temperature of the day the ground radiates under these clear skies with great rapidity, the surface is quickly cooled, and the watery vapour, which, from the great daily evaporation, exists in large quantities in the atmosphere, is deposited abundantly. This deposition is more plentiful also on plants, from their greater radiating power; while on hard, bare ground and stones, where it is less wanted, it is comparatively trifling.
In cold climates the earth, being cold and moist the clouds prevent the radiation of heat; the surface is thus preserved warm, and the deposition of dew is, in a great measure, prevented. Research Dew
The Ba'obab or monkey-bread tree (Adansoniadigitata),is a tree belonging to the natural order (or sub-order) Bombaceae, and the only known species of its genus, which was named after the naturalist Adanson. It is one of the largest of trees, its trunk sometimes attaining a diameter of ten meters; and as the profusion of leaves and drooping boughs sometimes almost hides the stem, the whole forms a hemispherical mass of verdure 42 to 45 metres in diameter and 18 to 21 metres high. It is a native of Western Africa, and is found also in Abyssinia; it is cultivated in many of the warmer parts of the world. The roots are of extraordinary length, a tree 23 metres in girth having a tap-root 33 metres in length. The leaves are deep green, divided into five unequal parts lanceolate in shape, and radiating from a common centre. The flowers resemble the white poppy, having snowy petals and violet-coloured stamens; and the fruit, which is large and of a rectangular shape, is said to taste like gingerbread, with a pleasant acid flavour. The wood is pale -coloured. light, and soft. The tree is liable to be attacked by a fungus which, vegetating in the woody part, renders it soft and pithlike. By the natives of the west coast these trunks are hollowed into chambers, and dead bodies are suspended in them. There they become perfectly dry and well preserved, without further preparation or embalming. The baobab is emollient and mucilaginous; the pulverized leaves constitute lalo, which the natives mix with their daily food to diminish excessive perspiration, and which was formerly used by Europeans in fevers and diarrhoeas. The expressed juice of the fruit is used as a cooling drink in putrid fevers, and also as a seasoning for various foods. Research Baobab
Cypress is a genus of coniferous (evergreen) cone-bearing trees and shrubs, with small adnate opposite leaves, and small globular cones on a few fleshy scale-leaves. The Capressus sempervirens, or common European cypress, is a dark-coloured evergreen with extremely small leaves, entirely covering the branches. It has a quadrangular, or, where the top branches diminish in length, pyramidal shape. Cypress-trees, though of a somewhat sombre and gloomy appearance, may be used with great effect in shrubberies and gardens. They are much valued also on account of their wood, which is hard, compact, and very durable, of a reddish colour and a pleasant smell. It was used at funerals and as an emblem of mourning by the ancients. Amongst other members of the genus are the Indian cypress (Cypress glauca); the Cypress pendula, a native of China and Japan; and the Cypress thurifera, or incense-bearing cypress, a native of Mexico; the evergreen American cypress or White Cedar (Cypress thyoides); etc. The Taxodium distichum, or deciduous cypress of the United States and Mexico, is frequently called the Virginian cypress. Its timber is valuable, and under water is almost imperishable. Research Cypress
Tarsorrhaphy is the surgical operation to diminish the size of the opening between eyelids when it has been enlarged by surrounding cicatrices. Research Tarsorrhaphy
An aethrioscope is an instrument for measuring radiation towards a clear sky. It consists of a metallic cup with a highly-polished interior of paraboloid shape, in the focus of which is placed one bulb of a differential thermometer, the other being outside. The inside bulb at once begins to radiate heat when exposed to a clear sky, and the extent to which this takes place is shown by the scale of the thermometer. The aethrioscope also indicates the presence of invisibleaqueousvapour in the atmosphere, radiation being less than when the air is dry.
In chemistry, affinity, is the force by which unlike kinds of matter combine so intimately that the properties of the constituents are lost, and a compound with new properties is produced. The force is not the same under all conditions, being very much modified by circumstances, especially temperature. The usual effect of increase of temperature is to diminishaffinity and ultimately to cause the separation of a compound into its constituents; and there is probably for every compound a temperature above which it could not exist but would be broken up. Where two elements combine to form a compound heat is almost always evolved, and the amount evolved serves as a measure of the affinity. In order that chemical affinity may come into play it is necessary that the substances should be in contact, and usually one of them at least is a fluid or a gas. The results produced by chemical combination are endlessly varied. Colour, taste, and smell are changed, destroyed, or created; harmless constituents produce strong poisons, strong poisons produce harmless compounds. Research Aethrioscope
Dew is a deposition of water from the atmosphere upon the surface of the earth in the form of minute globules. During the day the earth both absorbs and emits heat, but after sunset its supply of warmth is cut off, though it still continues to radiate heat into the surrounding space. Grass, flowers, and foliage being good radiators, lose after sunset the heat which has previously been absorbed by them, without receiving any in return, and their temperature consequently falls considerably below that of the atmosphere. From the proximity of these cold substances the particles of vapour in the adjoining air are condensed and deposited upon their surfaces in the form of dew, or of hoar-frost where the temperature of the earth is below freezing.
When the sky is clouded the heat abstracted from the earth's surface by radiation is restored by the clouds, which, being good radiators, send back an equal amount of heat to what they receive; and a balance of temperature being thus maintained between the earth and the surrounding atmosphere, no dew is formed. The deposition of dew is likewise prevented by wind, which carries away the particles of air before the vapour contained in them has been condensed. Horizontal surfaces, and those which are exposed to a wide expanse of sky, receive a greater supply of dew than sheltered or oblique surfaces, where circumstances diminish the amount of radiation. The radiation from the earth's surface is one of those happy provisions for the necessities of living beings with which nature everywhere abounds.
The heavy dews which fall in tropical regions are in the highest degree beneficial to vegetation, which, but for this supply of moisture, would, in countries where scarcely any rain falls for months, be soon scorched and withered. But after the high temperature of the day the ground radiates under these clear skies with great rapidity, the surface is quickly cooled, and the watery vapour, which, from the great daily evaporation, exists in large quantities in the atmosphere, is deposited abundantly. This deposition is more plentiful also on plants, from their greater radiating power; while on hard, bare ground and stones, where it is less wanted, it is comparatively trifling.
In cold climates the earth, being cold and moist the clouds prevent the radiation of heat; the surface is thus preserved warm, and the deposition of dew is, in a great measure, prevented. Research Dew
Friction-roller is a name common to any small roller or cylinder employed to convert sliding motion into rolling motion. Such cylinders are often placed under heavy bodies when they are required to be moved any short distance on the surface of the ground; and, in machinery, the same method is occasionally employed to diminish the friction of a heavily-loaded axis. In that case a number of small cylinders are inclosed round the axis, and partake of its motion. Research Friction-Roller
Cycling is a sport and also leisure pursuit whereby a cycle, formerly also known as a velocipede, which is a light vehicle, is impelled by the person or persons whom it carries, and in its most common form is a bicycle ,being two-wheeled.
The forerunner of the bicycle; dating from about 1817, had two wheels of nearly equal size, one before the other, and connected by a beam on which the driver sat, and was propelled by the thrust of the rider's feet on the ground. The 'dandy horse' was a name given to this kind of cycle, which never came into very common use.
About 1861 a superior vehicle was introduced, having treadles operating cranks on the axle of the front wheel, and soon many forms of the machine became popular; but for a time the bicycle was a clumsy article requiring much labour to get any speed out of it, and the derisive name of ' boneshaker' was not undeserved. It formed the basis, nevertheless, for the various kinds of cycle now so common, which, were originally constructed almost entirely of steel (or, in some cases, of aluminium), with the greatest economy of material, and furnished with improvements that gradually came into use.
The bicycle is kept in an upright position by the action of the rider's body and legs, by the steering power, and also by its own momentum. The tricycle followed the bicycle, and "sociables', tandems, and other forms of cycle have also been introduced.
At first the wheels of the bicycle were of the same size later the front or driving wheel was made very much larger than the hinder wheel, by 1905 the front or steering wheel and the hinder or driving wheel were generally made nearly or quite the same size. One great improvement in early cycles was in the use of india-rubber tyres to the wheels, which greatly reduced the jolting, and a further improvement was the introduction of 'pneumatic' or hollow tyres of india-rubber, which have to be pumped quite full of air and kept so when the vehicle is in use.
The usual diameter of the wheels of early cycles was 28 inches, but in some early machines the steering-wheel was made about two inches larger. Ball-bearings are used in the hubs, the pedals, and other parts of the machine where it is desirable to diminish as much as possible the friction of rotation; brakes of more than one kind have been in use, but the most common for many years comprised the brake power being gained by a block of india-rubber made to press against one or both wheels (both in the case of the 'free-wheel' cycle common since about 1900); and the general appearance and structure of the ordinary bicycle is familiar to all.
Multi-cycles of various kinds, ranging from tandems, through triplets and quadruplets to quintuplets, and even higher forms, were also fairly common at the start of the 20th century.
Motorcycles, in which the main driving power is a small petrol motor, were first constructed about 1900, and by 1905 were becoming quite common. In the early motorcyles the rider could take a companion along with him in a 'trailer' or in a 'fore-car', or 'side-car', by the later half of the 20th century such passengers were almost solely carried pillion on a double saddle.
Since 1900 the speed attained by an expert rider has been very great with the cycles then in use, by 1905 a speed of 40 mph having been recorded for a one milesprint and 10 miles at an average of 52 mph; 50 miles in a similar average speed also. Coming to longer distances, it was record
ded that 100 miles have been covered in about 2 hours 26 minutes; and 634 miles 774 yards in 24 hours recorded in 1899; while the 874 miles from Land's End to John O'Groats had been accomplished in 3 days 5 minutes 49 seconds before 1905. A remarkable cycling feat was the journey of 12,000 miles by Thomas Stevens across the continents of America, Europe, and Asia on a bicycle, commencing in April, 1884, at San Francisco. Many longer rides of a similar kind have since been done, an early one being that carried out by by Foster Fraser and two companions in 1896 to 1898, covering 19,237 miles in 774 days.
The tricycle offers a safer seat to its occupant, but owing to the friction and weight of the vehicle the same rate of speed has not been got out of it. Cycling had become exceedingly common by the start of the 20th century, almost wherever there are roads that allowed it. The manufacture of cycles had also become important industry, the chief seats of it in England traditionally being Coventry, Birmingham, London, Nottingham, and Wolverhampton.
Since its invention, the cycle has been recognised not only as affording a healthy exercise and enabling the cyclist to enjoy natural scenery and to travel from place to place with cheapness and facility, but was very commonly used for business purposes, as by tradesmen in distributing goods, workmen going to and from their work, post-office employees, and others, while it was also adopted for various military purposes.
Cycling clubs quickly became very numerous in Britian. The early Cyclists' Touring Club (CTC) and the National Cyclists' Union (NCU) were the more comprehensive early organizations, the former indeed having an international character. Both were of great service to the early cycling public in various ways. In the United Kingdom, bicycles, tricycles, and similar machines are by law declared to be carriages within the meaning of the acts relating to roads and highways, and special enactments have been in force. Early laws governing cycling in the Uk included:
'During the period between one hour after sunset and one hour before sunrise, every person riding or being upon such a carriage shall carry attached to the carriage a lamp, which shall be so constructed and placed as to exhibit a light in the direction in which he is proceeding, and so lighted and kept lighted as to afford adequate means of signalling the approach or position of the carriage.'
'Upon overtaking any foot-passenger or cart or carriage, or any horse, mule, or other beast of burden, the rider must, by sounding a bell or otherwise, give audible and sufficient warning of the approach of the carriage. Any person summarily convicted of offending against these regulations is liable to a fine of not more than forty shillings.'.
By the late 20th century cycling had become a diverse sport with such distinct disciplines as BMX, Cycle Speedway, Road Racing, Time Trialling, Cytclo-Cross, Mountain Biking, Cross-Country Cycling, Downhill Racing, Track Racing and of course leisure cycling and commuting. Research Cycling
Asia is the largest of the continents of the earth. It has a length, from the extreme south-western point of Arabia, at the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, to the extreme north-eastern point of Siberia - East Cape, or Cape Vostochni, in the Bering Strait of about 11040 km. and a breadth, from Cape Chelyuskin, in Northern Siberia, to CapeRomania, the southern extremity of the MalayPeninsula, of about 8480 km and an area of about a third of all the land of the earth's surface. On three sides, north, east, and south, the ocean forms its natural boundary, while in the west the frontier is marked mainly by the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, Caspian Sea, the Caucasus, the Black Sea, the Mediterranean, the Suez Canal, and the Red Sea. There is no proper separation between Asia and Europe, the latter being really a great peninsula of the former. Asia, though not so irregular in shape as Europe, is broken in the south by three great peninsulas, Arabia, Hindustan, and Farther India, while the east coast presents peninsular projections and islands, forming a series of sheltered seas and bays, the principal peninsulas being Kamtchatka and Korea. The principal islands are those forming the Malay or Asiatic Archipelago, which stretch round in a wide curve on the south-east of the continent. Besides the larger islands - Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Mindanao, and Luzon (in the Philippine group) - there are countless smaller islands grouped round these. Other islands are Sri Lanka, in the south of India; the Japanese islands and Sakhalin on the east of the continent; Taiwan, south-east of China; Cyprus, south of Asia Minor; and New Siberia and Wrangell Land, in the ArcticOcean.
The mountain systems of Asia are of great extent, and their culminating points are the highest in the world. The greatest of all is the Himalayan system, which lies mainly between longitude 70 degrees and 100 degrees east and latitude 28 degrees and 87 degrees north. It extends, roughly speaking, from north-west to south-east, its total length being about 2400 km, forming the northern barrier of Hindustan. The loftiest summits are MountEverest, 8840 meters high, Godwin-Austen, 8725 and Kanchinjinga, 8582. The principal passes, which rise to the height of 5490 to 6100 meters, are the highest in the world. A second great mountain system of Central Asia, connected with the north-western extremity of the Himalayan system by the elevated region of Pamir is the Thian-Shan system, which runs north-eastward for a
distance of 1920 km. In this direction the Altai, Sayan, and other ranges continue the line of elevations to the north-eastern coast. A north-western continuation of the Himalayas is the Hindu Kush, and farther westward a connection may be traced between the Himalayan mass and the Elburz range, south of the Caspian, and thence to the mountains of Kurdistan, Armenia, and Asia Minor.
There are vast plateaux and elevated valley regions connected with the great central mountain systems, but large portions of the continent are low and flat. Tibet forms the most elevated table-land in Asia, its mean height being estimated at 4570 meters. On its south is the Himalayan range, while the Kuen-Lun range forms its northern barrier. Another great but much lower plateau is that which comprises Afghanistan, Beluchistan, and Iran, and which to the north-west joins into the plateau of Asia Minor. The principal plain of Asia is that of Siberia, which extends along the north of the continent and forms an immense alluvial tract sloping to the Arctic Ocean. Vast swamps or peat-mosses called tundras cover large portions of this region. South-west of Siberia, and stretching eastward from the Caspian, is a low-lying tract consisting to a great extent of steppes and deserts, and including in its area the Sea of Aral. In the east of China there is an alluvial plain of some 200,000 square miles in extent; in Hindustan are plains extending for 3200 km along the south slope of the Himalayas ; and between Arabia and Iran, watered by the Tigris and Euphrates, is the plain of Mesopotamia or Assyria, one of the richest in the world. Of the deserts of Asia the largest is that of Gobi, large portions of which are covered with nothing but sand or display a surface of bare rock. An almost continuous desert region may also be traced from the desert of North Africa through Arabia (which is largely occupied by bare deserts), Iran, and Beluchistan to the Indus.
Some of the largest rivers of Asia flow northward to the Arctic Ocean-the Obi, the Yenisei, and the Lena. The Hoang-Ho and Yang-tse, and the Amoor, are the chief of those which flow into the Pacific. The Ganges, Brahmaputra, Irawaddy, and Indus empty into the Indian Ocean. The Persian Gulf receives the united waters of the Euphrates and the Tigris. There are several systems of inland drainage, large rivers falling into lakes which have no outlet.
The largest lake of Asia (partly also European) is the Caspian Sea, which receives the Kur from the Caucasus (with its tributary the Aras from Armenia), and the Sefid Rud and other streams from Iran (besides the Volga from European Russia, and the Ural, which is partly European, partly Asiatic). The Caspian lies in the centre of a great depression, being 25 meters below the level of the Sea of Azof. East from the Caspian is the Sea of Aral, which, like the Caspian, has no outlet, and is fed by the rivers Amoo Daria (Oxus) and SyrDaria. Still farther east, to the north of the Thian-Shan Mountains, and fed by the Hi and other streams, is LakeBalkash, also without an outlet and very salt. Other lakes having no communication with the ocean are Lob Nor, in the desert of Gobi, receiving the river Tarim, and the Dead Sea, far below the level of the Mediterranean, and fed by the Jordan. The chief freshwaterlake is LakeBaikal, in the south of Siberia, a mountain lake from which the Yenisei draws a portion of its waters.
Geologically speaking large areas of Asia are of comparatively recent date, the lowlands of Siberia, for instance, being submerged during the tertiary period, if not more recently. Many geologists believe that subsequently to the glacial period there was a great sea in Western Asia, of which the Caspian and Aral Seas are the remains. The desiccation of Central Asia is still going on, as is also probably the upheaval of a great part of the continent. The great mountain chains and elevated plateaux are of ancient origin, however, and in them granite and other crystalline rocks are largely represented. Active volcanoes are only met with in the extreme east (Kamtchatka) and in the Eastern Archipelago. From the remotest times Asia has been celebrated for its mineral wealth. In the Altai and UralMountains gold, iron, lead, and platinum are found; in India and other parts rubies, diamonds, and other gems are, or have been, procured; salt in Central Asia; coal in China, India, Central Asia, etc; petroleum in the districts about the Caspian and in Burma; oil in Arabia and Iran and Russia, bitumen in Syria; while silver, copper, sulphur, etc, are found in various parts.
Every variety of climate may be experienced in Asia, but as a whole it is marked by extremes of heat and cold and by great dryness, this in particular being the case with vast regions in the centre of the continent and distant from the sea. The great lowland region of Siberia has a short but very hot summer, and a long but intensely cold winter, the rivers'and their estuaries being fast bound with ice, and at a certain depth the soil is hard frozen all the year round. The northern part of China to the east of Central Asia has a temperate climate with a warm summer, and in the extreme north a severe winter. The districts lying to the south of the central region, comprising the Indian and Indo-Chinese peninsulas, Southern China, and the adjacent islands, present the characteristic climate and vegetation of the southern temperate and tropical regions modified by the effects of altitude. Some localities in South-eastern Asia have the heaviest rainfall anywhere known. As the equator is approached the extremes of temperaturediminishtill at the southern extremity of the continent they are such as may be experienced in any tropical country. Among climatic features are the monsoons of the Indian Ocean and the eastern seas, and the cyclones or typhoons, which are often very destructive.
The plants and animals of Northern and Western Asia generally resemble those of similar latitudes in Europe (which is really a prolongation of the Asiatic continent), differing more in species than in genera. The principal mountain trees are the pine, larch, and birch; the willow, alder, and poplar are found in lower grounds. In the central region European species reach as far as the Western and Central Himalayas, but are rare in the Eastern. They are here met by Chinese and Japanese forms. The lower slopes of the Himalayas are clothed almost exclusively with tropical forms. Higher up, between 1200 and 3000 meters, are found all the types of trees and plants that belong to the temperate zone, there being extensive forests of conifers. Here is the native home of the deodar cedar. The south-eastern region, including India, the Eastern Peninsula, and China, with the islands, contains a vast variety of plants useful to man and having here their original habitat, such as the sugar-cane, rice, cotton, and indigo, pepper, cinnamon, cassia, clove, nutmeg, and cardamoms, banana, cocoa-nut, areca and sago palms; the mango and many other fruits,
with plants producing a vast number of drugs, caoutchouc and gutta-percha. The forests of India and the MalayPeninsula contain oak, teak, sal, and other timber woods, besides bamboos, palms, sandal-wood, etc. The palmyra palm is characteristic of Southern India; while the talipot palm flourishes on the western coast of Hindustan, Sri Lanka, and the MalayPeninsula. The cultivated plants of India and China include wheat, barley, rice, maize, millet, sorghum, tea, coffee, indigo, cotton, jute, opium, tobacco, etc. In North China and the Japanese Islands large numbers of deciduous trees occur, such as oaks, maples, limes, walnuts, poplars and willows, the genera being European, but the individual species Asiatic. Among cultivated plants are traditionally wheat, and in favourable situations rice, cotton, the vine, etc. Coffee, rice, maize, etc, are extensively grown in some of the islands of the Asiatic Archipelago. In Arabia and the warmer valleys of Iran, Afghanistan, and Beluchistan, aromatic shrubs are abundant. Over large parts of these regions the date-palm flourishes and affords a valuable article of food. Gum-producing acacias are, with the date-palm, the commonest trees in Arabia. African forms are found extending from the Sahara along the desert region of Asia.
Nearly all the mammals of Europe occur in Northern Asia, with numerous additions to the species. Central Asia is the native land of the horse, the ass, the ox, the sheep, and the goat. Both varieties of the camel, the single and the double humped, are Asiatic. To the inhabitants of Tibet and the higher plateaux of the Himalayas the yak is what the reindeer is to the tribes of the Siberian plain, almost their sole wealth and support. The elephant, of a different species from that of Africa, is a native of tropical Asia. The Asiatic lion, which formerly inhabited Arabia, Iran, Asia Minor, Beluchistan, and some parts of India, is smaller than the African species and now found only in India. Bears are found in all parts, the white or polar bear in the far north, and other species in the more temperate and tropical parts. The tiger is the most characteristic of the larger Asiatic Carnivora. It formerly extended from Armenia across the entire continent, being absent, however, from the greater portion of Siberia and from the high table-land of Tibet; it extended also into Sumatra, Java, and Ball. In South-eastern Asia and the islands we find the rhinoceros, buffalo, ox, deer, squirrels,
porcupines, etc.
In birds nearly every order is represented. Among the most interesting forms are the hornbills, the peacock, the Impey pheasant, the tragopan or horned pheasant, and other gallinaceous birds, the pheasant family being very characteristic of South-eastern Asia. It was from Asia that the common domestic fowl was introduced into Europe. The tropical parts of Asia abound in monkeys of which the species are numerous. Some are tailed, others are tailless, but none have prehensile tails like the American monkeys. In the MalayArchipelago marsupial animals, so characteristic of Australia, first occur in the Moluccas and Celebes, while various mammals common in the western part of the Archipelago are absent. A similar transition towards the Australian type takes place in the species of birds. Of marine mammals the dugong is peculiar to the Indian Ocean; in the Ganges is found a peculiar species of dolphin. At the head of the reptiles stands the Gangetic crocodile, frequenting the Ganges and other large rivers. Among the snakes are the cobra de capello, one of the most deadly snakes in existence; there are also large boas and pythons besides sea and freshwater snakes. The seas and rivers produce a great variety of fish. The Salmonidae are found in the rivers flowing into the ArcticOcean. Two rather remarkable fishes are the climbing perch and the archer-fish. The well-known goldfish is a native of China.
Asia is mainly peopled by races belonging to two great ethnographic types, the Caucasic or fair type, and the Mongolic or yellow. To the former belong the Aryan or Indo-European, and the Semitic races, both of which mainly inhabit the south-west of the continent; to the latter belong the Malays and Indo-Chinese in the south-east as well as the Mongolians proper (Chinese, etc), occupying nearly all the rest of the continent. To these may be added certain races of doubtful affinities, as the Dravidians of Southern India, the Cingalese of Sri Lanka, the Ainos of Yesso, and some negro-like tribes called Negritos, which inhabit Malacca and the interior of several of the islands of the Eastern Archipelago. Research Asia
Abbreviations
Research Dew
