Sir James Dewar was a British chemist and physicist. He was born in 1842 at Kincardine-on-Forth and died in 1923. Educated at Dollar Academy, Edinburgh University - where he was assistant to Lord Playfair when professor of Chemistry, - and Ghent, in 1873 he was elected Jacksonian Professor of Experimental Philosophy at Cambridge, and in 1879 a Professorial Fellow of St. Peter's College. In the latter year he also became Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution, London. Together with Frederick Abel he had a part in the invention of cordite but he is chiefly remembered for his work with the liquefaction of gasses - being the first to reduce hydrogen gas to the liquid and solid form - and researches on the electrical and other properties of matter at low temperatures. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society, was awarded several medals and prizes for his scientific researches, including the Rumford Medal in 1894 for his investigations into the properties of matter at its lowest temperatures, this branch of science, with which the. liquefaction of air and gases is connected, being peculiarly his own. He became president of the British Association in 1902 and was knighted in 1904. Research James Dewar
Lee Majors (real name Harvey Lee Yeary) is an American actor. He was born in 1941 at Wyandotte, Michigan. He came to prominence playing 'The Six Million Dollar Man' in the television series. Research Lee Majors
Farrah Fawcett (real name Mary Farrah Leni Fawcett) is an American actress. She was born in 1947 at Corpus Christi, Texas. She had her first break guest starring in shows such as 'I Dream of Jeanie', 'The Flying Nun', and 'The Partridge Family' during the 1960s before meeting Lee Majors in 1968 and going on to achieve fame for her looks in 'The Six Million Dollar Man' and 'Carlie's Angels'. Research Farrah Fawcett
The Association for Payment Clearing Services (APACS) An association set up by the UK banks in 1985 to manage payment clearing and overseas money transmission in the UK. The three operating companies under its aegis are: BACS Ltd, which provides an automated service for interbank clearing in the UK; Cheque and Credit Clearing Co. Ltd, which operates a bulk clearing system for interbank cheques and paper credits; and CHAPS and Town Clearing, which provides same-day clearing for high value cheques and electronic funds transfer. In addition EftPos UKLtd is a company set up to develop electronic funds transfer at the point of sale. APACS also oversees London Dollar Clearing, the London Currency Settlement Scheme, and the cheque card and eurocheque schemes in the UK. Research Association for Payment Clearing Services
The carolus was a gold coin first struck in the reign of Charles I and originally equal to one pound. It was later valued at 23 shillings. The name was also given to other coins of the period bearing 'Carolus' as the name of the monarch, e.g. a Carolus dollar. Research Carolus
A cent is typically a small coin denoting one hundredth of a larger denomination, such as one hundredth of a dollar or Euro.
In America, the cent is a copper coin stamped with various designs and issued first by the States, later by the Federal Government. Vermont was the first State to issue copper cents, having permitted in June, 1785, Reuben Harmon Jr., to make money for the State for two years. He started a mint at Rupert, Bennington County, coining the Vermont cent of 1785. This coin had on the obverse, wooded mountains and a rising sun with a plough, and the inscription Vermontis. Res. Publica. Exergue 1785. On the reverse was a ring surrounded by thirteen stars with rays springing from the circle; and the legend, Stella. Quarta. Decima.
Connecticut, in October, 1785, granted to Bishop, Hopkins, Hillhouse and Goodrich the right to coin 10,000 pounds of copper cents, known as the Connecticut cent of 1785. These had on the obverse, a mailed bust, head laureated; and the legend, Auctori. Connec. On the reverse they were marked with the goddess of Liberty grasping an olive branch in her right hand and liberty staff in her left, which was surmounted by a liberty cap; and the legend, Inde Et Lib Exergue 1785.
Massachusetts established a mint in 1786, and coined $60,000 in cents and half cents. These were marked on the obverse of the cent with a clothed Indian, in his right hand a bow, in his left an arrow; and the legend, Common + Wealth. On the reverse was marked a spread eagle, a shield on his breast bearing the word cent, his talons grasping an olive branch and a bundle of arrows; And the legend, Massachusetts, Exergue 1787, beneath a horizontal bar.
New Jersey granted to Goadsby and Cox, in 1786, the right to coin 10,000 pounds at fifteen coppers to the shilling, known as the New Jerseycopper coin of 1786. These were marked on the obverse with a horse's head, heraldic wreath and a plough; and the legend, Nova. Csesarea. Exergue 1786. On the reverse was a shield; and the legend, E Pluribus Unum.
In 1781 the Continental Congress directed Robert Morris to look into the matter of Governmental Coinage. Robert Morris proposed a money unit equal to one-fourth of a grain of fine silver, an equivalent of one-fourteen-hundred-and-fortieth of a Spanish dollar. The coin equal to one hundred of these units was to be called a cent from the Latin centum, meaning one hundred, 500 units a quint, 10,000 units a mark. These were not accepted, but in 1784 Jefferson proposed in his coinage report to Congress that 'the smallest coin be of copper, of which two hundred shall pass for one dollar'. In 1786 the hundredth was substituted. Copper cents began to be coined in the USA in 1793. In 1796 their weight was reduced and in 1857 the small nickel cent was substituted, and in 1864 the small bronze. Research Cent
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