Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Censor) was a Roman soldier. He was born in 234 BC at Tusculum and died in 149 BC. He inherited from his father, a plebeian, a small estate in the territory of the Sabines, which he cultivated with his own hands. He served his first campaign, at the age of seventeen, under Fabius Maximus, was present at the siege of Capua in 214 BC; and five years after fought under the same commander at the siege of Tarentum.
After the war was ended he returned to his farm, but by the advice of Valerius Flaccus removed to Rome, where his forensic abilities had free scope. He rose rapidly, accompanied Scipio to Sicily as quaestor in 204 BC, became an aedile in 199, and in 198 was chosen praetor, and appointed to the province of Sardinia. Three years later he gained the consulship, and in 194 for his brilliant campaign in Spain obtained the honour of a triumph. In 191 he served as military tribune against Antiochus, and then, having abundantly proved his soldierly qualities, returned to Rome.
For some years he exercised a practical censorship, scrutinizing the characters of candidates for office, and denouncing false claims, peculations, etc. His election to the censorship in 184 set an official seal to his efforts, the unsparing severity of which has made his name proverbial. From that year until his death, in 149, he held no public office, though zealously continuing his unofficial labours for the state. His hostility to Carthage, the destruction of which he advocated in every speech made by him in the forum, was the most striking feature of his closing years. His incessant Delenda est Carthago (Carthage must be destroyed) did much to further the third Punic war. Of his works his De Re Rusfcica (On Rural Economy) alone survives, though there exist in quotation fragments of his history and speeches.
Marrcus Porcius Cato (Cato of Utica) was a Roman reformer. He was born in 95 BC and died in 46 BC. He formed an intimacy with the StoicAntipater of Tyre, and ever remained true to the principles of the Stoic philosophy. He distinguished himself as a volunteer in the war against Spartacus, served as military tribune in Macedonia in 67 BC, was made quaestor in 65 BC.
His rigorous reforms won him general respect, and in 63 BC he was chosen tribune of the people. During the troubles with CatilineCato gave Marcus Cicero important aid both by his eloquence and sagacity, and at the same time set himself to thwart the ambitious projects of Pompey, Caesar, and Marcus Crassus. Such success as he had, however, was only temporary, and he failed to prevent the formation of the triumvirate. To get rid of him they sent him to take possession of Cyprus, but, having successfully accomplished his mission, he returned, opposed the Tribonian law for conferring extraordinary powers on the triumvirs, and in 54 BC enforced, as praetor, an obnoxious law against bribery.
On the breach between Pompey and Caesar he threw in his lot with Pompey, and guarded the stores at Dyrrhachium, while Pompey pushed on to Pharsalia. After receiving news of Pompey's defeat he sailed to Cyrene and effected a junction with Metellus Scipio at TJtica, in 47 BC. He took command of that city, but its defence appearing hopeless after the defeat of Scipio at Thapsus, he determined on suicide, and after spending some time in the perusal of the Phaedo of Plato, stabbed himself with his sword. His wounds were bound up by his attendants, but he tore off the bandages and died. Research Marcus Cato
Wilfred Edward Salter Owen was an English poet. He was born in 1893 at Plas Wilmot, Oswestry, Shropshire and died in 1918. He was educated at Birkenhead Institute and London University. He went to France 1913 as a tutor, returning to England to enlist in the Artists' Rifles in 1915; two years later he was invalided home and sent to Craiglockhart War Hospital, Edinburgh, where Sassoon was his fellow patient. Sent back to France as a company commander, he won the MC, but was killed in the crossing of the SambreCanal. His verse, owing much to the encouragement of Siegfried Sassoon, is among the most moving of Great War poetry; it shatters the illusion of the glory of war, revealing its hollowness and cruel destruction of beauty. Only four poems were published during his lifetime; he was killed in action a week before the Armistice. Sassoon posthumously collected and edited his Poems in 1920. Among the best known are 'Dulce et Decorum Est' and 'Anthem for Doomed Youth', published in 1921. Benjamin Britten used
several of the poems in his War Requiem of 1962. In technique Owen's work is distinguished by the extensive use of assonance in place of rhyme, anticipating the later school of W H Auden and Stephen Spender. Research Wilfred Owen
The Aerospatiale SE 310 (Caravelle) is a French short/medium-range civil airliner and medium-range military transport aircraft, first flown in 1955 as the Sud-Est SE.210. The Aerospatiale SE 310 is a low-wing cantilever monoplane of metal construction. The original Sud-Est SE.210 was a civilian medium-range airliner designed to carry 70 passengers in a pressurised cabin and had a cruising speed of 730 kmh and a range of 2500 km fully-laden. The military Aerospatiale SE 310 Caravelle III entered service in 1960 and is powered by two Rolls-RoyceAvonRA.29 Mk 527 turbojets (various variations were made with varying engines) providing a top speed of 805 kmh and a range of 1700 km fully laden. The Aerospatiale SE 310 carries a flight crew of three and up to 99 passengers or 8400 kg of freight. Research Aerospatiale SE 310
The Centre Est-Jodel DR100 Ambassadeur is a French three-seater light touring monoplane. The Centre Est-Jodel DR100 Ambassadeur is a low-wing cantilever monoplane of wooden construction powered by a Continental C90-14F four-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 210 kmh and a range of 1170 km. Research Centre Est-Jodel DR100 Ambassadeur
The Centre Est DR 220 is a French two/four-seater light aircraft developed from the Jodel Sicile Record and first flown in 1966. The Centre Est DR 220 is powered by a Rolls-Royce or Continental O-200-A four-cylinder horizontally opposed air-cooled engine providing a top cruising speed of 210 kmh and a range of 1005 km. Research Centre Est DR 220
The Centre Est DR 221 Dauphin is a French three/four-seater light aircraft first flown in 1967. The Centre Est DR 221 is powered by a Lycoming O-235-C2A four-cylinder horizontally opposed air-cooled engine providing a top cruising speed of 230 kmh and a range of 1100 km. Research Centre Est DR 221
The Centre Est DR 250 is a French four-seater light aircraft developed from the Jodel Sicile Record and first flown in 1965. The Centre Est DR 250 is powered by a Lycoming O-320 four-cylinder horizontally opposed air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 270 kmh and a range of 1600 km. Compared to the Jodel Sicile Record, the DR 250 has a larger, more comfortable cabin and larger instrument panel. Research Centre Est DR 250
The Centre Est DR 253 Regent is a French four/five-seater light aircraft developed from the Centre Est DR 250, having an enlarged fuselage and tricycle landing gear, and first flown in 1967. The Centre Est DR 253 is powered by a Lycoming O-360-D2A four-cylinder horizontally opposed air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 285 kmh and a range of 1200 km rising to 1600 km with auxiliary fuel tanks. Research Centre Est DR 253
The De Havilland DH 112 Sea Venom was a British two-seater carrier-borne all-weather fighter aircraft of the 1950's developed from the De Havilland DH 100Vampire. The De Havilland DH 112 Sea Venom was a cantilever mid-wing monoplane with power folding wings powered by a De Havilland Ghost 103 engine and later a De Havilland Ghost 105 engine providing a top speed of 909 kmh and a range of 1130 km when fitted with drop tanks. Armaments consisted of four 20 mm fixed cannons. A single-seater fighter bomber and two-seater night fighter version were also produced, both named the Venom.
In France, Sud-Est produced under license two versions of the De Havilland DH 112 Sea Venom under the name Aquilon. Research De Havilland DH 112
The Centre Est Jodel Sicile Record was a French three/four seater light aircraft developed from the Jodel Ambassadeur during the 1960's. The Jodel Sicile Record was a low-wing cantilever monoplane of wooden construction powered by a Continental O-200A (model DR1050) or Potez 4 E-20 (model DR1051) four-cylinder horizontally-opposed air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 230 and 255 kmh respectively. A Jodel Sicile Record won the 1964 circuit of Sicily race at an average speed of 272 kmh. Research Jodel Sicile Record
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Abbreviations
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