Chevy Chase is the name of a celebrated British Border ballad, which is probably founded on some actual encounter which took place between its heroes, Percy and Douglas, although the incidents mentioned in it are not historical. On account of the similarity of the incidents in this ballad to those of The Battle of Otterbourne, the two ballads have often been confounded; but the probability is that if any historical event is celebrated at all in the ballad of Chevy Chase, it is different from that celebrated in The Battle of Otterbourne, and that the similarity between the two ballads is to be explained by supposing that many of the events of the former were borrowed from the latter. There are two versions of the ballad bearing the name of Chevy Chase, an older one, originally called The Hunting of the Cheviot, and a more modem one. From the fact that the older version is mentioned in the Complaynt of Scotland, written in 1548, it is clear that it was known in Scotland before that time. The age of the more modern version is believed to be no later than the reign of Charles II. This is the version which forms the subject of the critique by Addison in numbers 70 and 74 of the Spectator. Research Chevy Chase
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) and the PACE Codes of Practice provide the core framework of police powers and safeguards around stop and search, arrest, detention, investigation, identification and interviewing detainees. PACE sets out to strike the right balance between the powers of the police and the rights and freedoms of the public. Maintaining that balance is a key element of PACE. However, the British police regularly flout the regulations set out in PACE, which is in itself a lengthy book which would take several hours to read. Suspects arrested in England and Wales have the right to read the PACE guidelines, but this is wholly unreasonable, given the length of the guidelines and the legal language used. This enables the police to flout the guidelines, unless the suspect demands their right to legal representation, and refuses to speak without a solicitor present.
The PACE guidelines are dividied into eight sections, known as codes:
Code A - Deals with the exercise by police officers of statutory powers to search a person or a vehicle without first making an arrest. It also deals with the need for a police officer to make a record of a stop or encounter.
Code B - Deals with police powers to search premises and to seize and retain property found on premises and persons.
Code C - sets out the requirements for the detention, treatment and questioning of suspects not related to terrorism in police custody by police officers. This is the section of the PACE guidelines
that applies to most arrests, and to the treatment of a suspect while in a police station. This section is itself over eighty pages long!
Code D - Concerns the main methods used by the police to identify people in connection with the investigation of offences and the keeping of accurate and reliable criminal records.
Code E - Deals with the audio recording of interviews with suspects in the police station.
Code F - Deals with the visual recording with sound of interviews with suspects. There is no statutory requirement on police officers to visually record interviews. However, the contents of this code should be considered if an interviewing officer decides to make a visual recording with sound of an interview with a suspect.
Code G - Deals with powers of arrest under section 24 the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 as amended by section 110 of the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005.
The Hyena is an African carnivore, of the family Hyaenidae. It has a large head and neck, long, well-developed forelegs, and powerful jaws and premolars adapted for crushing bones. Each foot has four toes with non-retractable claws, well suited for running on the open plains where hyenas feed on hoofed animals. Of the three hyena species, the best known is the spotted, or laughing, hyena (Crocuta crocuta) , the only member of its genus. Ranging south of the Sahara, it is the largest and most robust of the hyenas, with a length of 1.8 m and a height of 90 centimetres at the shoulder. Adults are brown-grey with dark brown or black spots. Named for their cry, which has been compared to hysterical human laughter, they also emit a striking howl that rises in pitch. Spotted hyenas were long thought to be only scavengers (warring African tribes abandoned their dead to the animal). Recently, hyenas have been found to be among the chief predators of herbivores, especially zebra and wildebeest.
The hyenas attack in packs at night, ripping open the flanks of their prey and carrying off the carcasses. Hyenas associate in clans cantered around communal dens occupied by batches of young at varying stages of growth. Females conceive throughout the year, giving birth after 110 days to one or two cubs, which dig their own tunnels. Pair bonding is not evident; the female, larger than the male, selects her mating partners. The female sexual organs have an external resemblance to the male's, a phenomenon probably related to scent identification, which plays a large part when clan members encounter one another.
A clan may consist of ten or twelve females, twenty cubs, and a number of males on the fringe; hyenas are very territorial. Little is known about the genus Hyaena , which comprises the striped hyena, Hyaena Hyaena , and the brown hyena, Hyena brunnea. Both bear manes of coarse, erectile hair and are smaller and far less aggressive than the spotted hyena. The striped hyena, grey-tan with vertical stripes, ranges from East Africa north into Asia. It is largely a scavenger, often eating vulture-picked bones. The brown hyena, found in southern Africa, is dark brown with a grey head and striped legs. It feeds mainly on fish and crabs. Research Hyena
Alexander The Great was king of Macedon (Macedonia). He was born in 356 BC at Pella and died in 323 BC.
Following the assassination of his father, Philip, in 336 BC Alexander ascended the throne determined to carry out the expedition that his father had been preparing against the Persians. Before he could, however, he had to chastise the barbarian tribes on the frontiers of Macedon, as well as quell a rising in Greece in which he took and destroyed Thebes, killing 6000 of the inhabitants and imprisoning 30,000. Leaving Antipater confirmed as commander-inc-chief of the Greek forces in the general assembly of the Greeks, he crossed over the Hellespont into Asia in 334 BC with 30,000 foot and 5000 horse soldiers.
His first encounter with the Persian forces (assisted by Greek mercenaries) was at the small river Granicus, where he gained a complete victory. Most of the cities of Asia Minor surrendered to him, and Alexander restored democracy in all the Greek cities. Marching onwards he conquered Lycia, Ionia, Caria, Pamphylia and Cappadocia. In 333 BC he defeated the Persian emperor Darius and his army of 500,000 men near Issus. Heading south, Alexander conquered the Mediterranean cities, including Tyre following a seven month siege, and then Palestine and Egypt, founding the city Alexandria as he did so.
Returning, Alexander was met by Darius and a new immense army which Alexander defeated at Gaugamela in 331 BC, taking Babylon and Susa and afterwards the Persian capital Persepolis. He later decided to unite the nations of Macedon and Persia, married the eldest daughter of Darius and rewarded those of his men who married Persian women. Following his sudden death in 323 BC his empire was divided among his chief generals, and became the scene of continual wars. Research Alexander The Great
Publius Clodius Pulcher was a notorious public character of ancient Rome. The son of Appius Claudius Pulcher, who was consul about 79 BC, He served in the third Mithridatic war under Lucullus, and filled different high posts in the provinces of the East, where his turbulence was the cause of serious disturbances. Returning to Rome, he became a popular demagogue, was elected tribune in 59 BC, was the means of procuring Cicero's banishment, and continued to be a ringleader in all the seditions of the time until killed in an encounter between his followers and those of Titus Annius Milo. Research Clodius Pulcher
Marcus Junius Brutus was a distinguished Roman. He was born in 85 BC. He was at first an enemy of Pompey, but joined him on the outbreak of civil war until the battle of Pharsalia. He then surrendered to Caesar, who made him in the following year governor of Cisalpine Gaul, and afterwards of Macedonia. He soon, however, joined the conspiracy against Julius Caesar, and by his influence ensured its success. After the assassination he took refuge in the East, made himself master of Greece and Macedonia, and with a powerful army joined Cassius in the subjugation of the Lycians and Rhodians. In the meantime the triumvirs, Octavianus, Antony, and Lepidus, had been successful at Rome, and were prepared to encounter the army of the conspirators, which, crossing the Hellespont, assembled at Philippi in Macedonia. Cassius appears to have been beaten at once by Antony; and Brutus, though temporarily successful against Octavianus, was totally defeated twenty days later. He escaped with a few friends; but, seeing that his cause was hopelessly ruined, fell upon the sword held for him by his confidant Strato, and died in 42 BC. Research Marcus Brutus
The Narragansetts were a tribe of American Rhode Island Indians, formerly inhabiting the western shores of the bay bearing their name. Though they at first engaged in no open war against the settlers, yet they were held in distrust. In 1636 Roger Williams gained their friendship, and in 1644 they ceded their lands to the king. Troubles arose in 1645, and an expedition was sent against them. The Indians, however, hastened to make a treaty. At the outbreak of King Philip's War they were suspected and were attacked by the whites. Hostilities followed which was terminated by a bloody encounter in a swamp at South Kingstown. The Indians were almost annihilated the remnant, however, settled at Charlestown, Rhode Island. Research Narraganset
Vladimir Nabokov was a Russian-born American author. He was born in 1899 and died in 1977. Brought up in St Petersburg, he left Russia in 1919 and later lived in Berlin and Paris, writing fiction in Russian under the name V. Sirin. His first novel in English, 'The Real Life of SebastianKnight', appeared in 1939, and in the following year he emigrated to the USA. His witty, ingenious, stylised, and erudite novels include 'Lolita' published in 1955, a farcical and satirical novel of the passion of a middle-aged sophisticated European emigre for a 12-year-old American nymphet; 'Pale Fire' published in 1962, a satirical fantasy encounter between poet and madman; and 'Ada or Ardor' published in 1969, a witty parody of a family chronicle. ' Conclusive Evidence' published in 1951 revised as 'Speak, Memory' in 1966 is a brilliant poetic autobiography. Research Vladimir Nabokov
Abbreviations
Research Chevy Chase
