Data protection are safeguards relating to personal data in the UK, i.e. personal information about individuals that is stored on a computer. The principles of data protection, the responsibilities of data users, and the rights of data subjects are governed by the Data Protection Act (1984).
The principles of data protection include the following: (1) The information to be contained in personal data shall be obtained, and personal data shall be processed, fairly and lawfully. (2) Personal data shall be held only for specified and lawful purposes and shall not be used or disclosed in any manner incompatible with those purposes. (3) Personal data held for any purpose shall be relevant to that purpose. (4) Personal data shall be accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date. (5) Personal data held for any purpose shall not be kept longer than necessary for that purpose. (6) Appropriate security measures shall be taken against unauthorized access to, or alteration, disclosure, or destruction of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of personal data.
Data users must register their activities with the Data Protection Registrar by means of a registration form obtained from a post office. This requires the data user to give: a description of the personal data it holds and the purposes for which the data is held; a description of the sources from which it intends or may wish to obtain the data or the information to be contained in the data; a description of any persons to whom it intends or may wish to disclose the data; the names or a description of any countries or territories outside the UK to which it intends or may wish directly or indirectly to transfer from data subjects for access to the data. A data user who fails to register is guilty of the offence of failing to register. An individual is entitled to be informed by any data user whether he holds personal data of which that individual is the subject. He is also entitled to obtain a printout from a registered data user of any personal data held by him and to demand that any inaccurate or misleading information is corrected or erased. If a court is satisfied on the application of a data subject that personal data held by a data user concerning him is inaccurate it may order the rectification or erasure of the data. Additionally it may order the rectification or erasure of any data held by the data user that contains an expression of opinion that appears to the court to be based on the inaccurate data. Research Data Protection
Magnetic recording originated in 1899 with the invention by Valdemar Poulsen of the Telegraphone. During the period between the two World Wars, development work was carried out which resulted in improved systems, notable among which were the Blattnerphone and the Marconi-Stille. These systems employed a steel tape as the recording medium, a material which was bulky and difficult to handle. Mechanical and magnetic requirements were often mutually exclusive. The jointing of sections was also difficult. In 1928, Dr. Pfleumer took out a patent in Germany for a new and much improved medium. This consisted of a paper or plastic base tape, having most of the required mechanical properties, on which was deposited a very thin coating of powdered magnetic material. A later patent (in 1935) introduced oxide of iron as the magnetic medium. This oxide, though not ideal in its magnetic properties, was a considerable improvement on the steel tapes previously available. During the Second World War, considerable development work was carried out in Germany, resulting in a system of recording sound magnetically which ranked with the best on disc or film. Concurrently, in the USA, the problem of the bulk of the steel tapes had been overcome by utilizing a, thin steel wire, normally 0.004 inches in diameter. As with the Magnetophon tape, the reduction of material available for recording upon was offset by improvements in other factors. Up to 1946 the greater part of the development work had been carried out empirically. Since that date, however, considerable research has been undertaken into the causes underlying the observed results. Due to this research, a number of improvements has been made possible, and within the standards of current practice, magnetic tape recording shows superiority over both disc and film recording. In fact, it is now the normal practice for commercial disc and film recordings to be made through an intermediate magnetic recording process, without any noticeable loss of quality in the finished product. Even a trained ear has difficulty in distinguishing a good magnetic
tape recording from the original sound reproduced over the same amplifier/loudspeaker system. Quite small and compact recorders, suitable for domestic use, while they cannot compete with the larger professional machines, are capable of a, remarkably high quality of reproduction. Wire recording has not proved itself capable of such a high standard of quality as tape, but has met a need for a very small, light and compact recording machine, suitable for the intelligible recording of speech for long runs of an hour or more. Domestic models were also available, but didn't catch on, the domestic market preferring magnetic tape. So far as is known, magnetic recordings are permanent if properly stored. However, they have the outstanding advantage, particularly in the domestic and computer fields, that the recording can be erased at will and the material re-used as often as desired. Tape may be cut and joined with precision, on a syllable of speech or a note in music. Since the late 1990s digital recording with computers has started to replace tape splicing for
editing
magnetic recordings, but although recordings are carried out digitally using computers, the computers' disk drives still use magnetic material for the recording. Research Magnetic Recording
The 123nhalf virus was so named because it causes a Lotus 1-2-3 release 3 spreadsheet files to be saved exactly one half the size they should be. For example, a 100 x 100 cell spreadsheet will only be saved as a 50 x 50 cell spreadsheet. The virus only infects the file 123DOS.EXE, and the file grows in size by 3907 bytes. Any spreadsheet saved after the virus has infected the file is exactly half the size of what it should be. If the 123DOS.EXE file is erased and restored from a backup, and 1-2-3 is run again, the file again grows in size. The virus only infects the 123DOS.EXE file, when running on a machine with a 80286 processor. it will not infect the file on a 80386 system. The virus also will not infect files unless there is a minimum of 3 megabytes of extended memory. Research 123nhalf Virus
In heraldry, couped means cut off smoothly, as distinguished from erased and is especially used to describe the way the head or limb of an animal is displayed. Research Couped
In heraldry, erased describes something represented with jagged and uneven edges, as is if it has been torn off. The term is particularly used to describe the depiction of a head of a beast. If the charge is a small tree branch, appearing as though torn off, it is described as slipped, while a large tree branch depicted the same way is described as snagged. Research Erased
The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
Abbreviations
Research Data Protection
