|
Communalism is the theory of government by communes or corporations of towns and districts, adopted by the advanced republicans of France and elsewhere. The doctrine is that every commune, or at least every important city commune, such as Paris, Marseilles, Lyons, etc, should be a kind of independent state in itself, and France merely a federation of such states. This system must not be confounded with Communism, with which, however, it is naturally and historically allied, though the two are perfectly distinct in principle.
 Research Communalism
The ISO (International Standards Organisation) assigns a two character code to each country name. These codes are used by Internet 'whois' databases (these two character abbreviations are the whois country codes) and also other applications.
Research Country Codes
An Empire is a large state or federation of states extending over a wide geographical area ruled by a single person - an emperor or empress. Empires are usually developed by the absorption of other peoples and countries. Empires are nearly always built up by the virile conquering and colonising expansion of a single State, but subsequently the individual provinces gradually attain independence.
Research Empire
A federation is a union of States in which the participants retain autonomy in local matters, while a Central Government determines questions of common interest.
Research Federation
The Social Democratic Federation was a British socialist organisation founded in 1881 by H M Hyndman, along the lines of Marxian socialism as an active antagonist of existing society. The Social Democratic Federation published a weekly paper entitled 'Justice' and a monthly publication entitled 'The Social Democrat'.
Research Social Democratic Federation
Abdul Rahman was the first Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya. He was born in 1903 in Alor Setar and died in 1990. He was the son of the sultan of Kedah, and was educated in Malaya, Thailand, and England. As head of the United Malay National Organization, he became chief minister of Malaya after an election victory in 1955, and when Malaya attained sovereignty in 1957, he became its Prime Minister. He was the principal architect of the alliance of Malaya with Singapore, Sarawak, and Sabah, which in 1963 resulted in the creation of Malaysia.
Research Abdul Rahman
The Franks were a federation of Germanic tribes comprising the Salian Franks and other lesser tribes, which overthrew the Romans in Gaul and gave rise to the name France for the area.
Research Franks
George Brown was a Canadian journalist and politician. He was born in 1818 at Edinburgh, Scotland and died in 1880 when he was shot by a sacked employee. Educated at the High School at Edinburgh, he emigrated to the United States with his father, and assisted in the management of a newspaper at New York; but in 1843 removed to Toronto, Canada, where he founded a newspaper, The Globe, which was very successful.
In 1852 he was returned to parliament, and rapidly rose to the first rank as a debater and advocate of reforms. In 1858 he was called to the office of premier, and formed an administration, which, however, owing to an adverse vote of the assembly, lasted only three days. In 1862, while on a visit to Scotland, he married Miss Annie Nelson, daughter of the well-known Edinburgh publisher. On his return to Canada he joined, in 1864, the coalition government as leader of the reform section, and took an active part in the conferences held at Charlottetown and Quebec on the subject of the federation of the North American colonies; but resigned his office as minister in December 1865. He was called to the senate in 1873, and the year after went to Washington along with Sir Edward Thornton to negotiate a commercial treaty with the United States.
George Brown, though perhaps wanting in some of the qualities which make a successful parliamentary leader, was a great personal force in Canadian politics, and contributed powerfully to the cause of reform.
George Douglas Brown was a Scottish author. He was born in 1869 at Ochiltree and died in 1902. After graduating at Oxford in 1895 he went to London and entered a literary and journalistic career working as literary advisor to the publisher Macqueen. In 1901 his novel 'The House With The Green Shutters' was published under the pen-name 'George Douglas'.
Sir George Brown was a distinguished British general. He was born in 1790 near Elgin and died in 1865. He served in the Peninsular War and in the American campaign of 1814. He was knighted in 1855.
Research George Brown
Sir Grantley Herbert Adams was premier of Barbados. He was born in 1898 and died in 1971. He was premier of Barbados from 1954 to 1958 and prime minister of the Federation of the West Indies from 1958 to 1962.
Research Grantley Adams
James Madison was the fourth president of the USA from 1809 to 1817. He was born in 1751 at Port Conway in King George County, Virginia and died in 1836. Educated at Princeton, he graduated in 1772, and was early distinguished for sound judgment, discretion, acquirements, industry and patriotism.
In 1774 he was a member of the Committee of Public Safety of Orange County, and in 1776 became a member of the Virginia Convention. From 1780 to 1784 he was a member of the Continental Congress, and, in spite of his youth and modesty, had a leading share in its deliberations, and especially its committee work, for which his sensible and methodical mind was peculiarly apt.
In the Virginia Assembly from 1784 to 1787 he did great service in securing religious liberty and in promoting the movement toward a better union of the States. Probably no one else contributed more to this end in all America. He advocated acceptance of the impost law by the states, suggesting the famous compromise known as the 'three-fifths rule' by which (in taxation) five slaves were rated as three freemen.
He was a member of the Alexandria-Mount-Vernon Conference of 1785, of the Annapolis Convention of 1786, and of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, in which he had the most influential part, through his own talents for constructive statesmanship and also through his persuasive and conciliatory spirit. His was the 'Virginia Plan' of federation in 1787.
In 1788 he wrote a portion of the Federalist and did more than any one else to secure the ratification of the Constitution by Virginia. From 1789 to 1797 he was a leading member of Congress, inclining more and more to the doctrines and party of Jefferson. He wrote the Virginia resolutions of 1798.
From 1801 to 1809 he was Secretary of State in Jefferson's Cabinet, and from 1809 to 1817 he was President of the United States, being elected over C C Pinckney in 1808, and over DeWitt Clinton in 1812. The chief event in his administration was the War of 1812, which he managed feebly. From 1817 to his death Madison lived in retirement at Montpelier, Virginia.
Research James Madison
|
The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
©1993 - 2009 The Probert Encyclopaedia
Southampton, United Kingdom
|
|
|
Abbreviations
