Properly, angling is the art of catching fish with a baited hook or angle. The basic equipment for angling is a rod, a line and a hook. But many anglers supplement the basics with other equiment such as reels, weights, floats and nets etc. Research Angling
Artesian Wells, so called from the French province of Artois, where they appear to have been first used on an extensive scale, are perpendicular borings into the ground through which water rises to the surface of the soil, producing a constant flow or stream, the ultimate sources of supply being higher than the mouth of the boring, and the water thus rising by the well-known law. They are generally sunk in valley plains and districts where the lower pervious strata are bent into basin-shaped curves.
The rain falling on the outcrops of these saturates the whole porous bed, so that when the bore reaches it the water by hydraulic pressure rushes up towards the level of the highest portion of the strata. The supply is sometimes so abundant as to be used extensively as a moving power, and in arid regions for fertilizing the ground, to which purpose artesian springs have been applied from a very remote period. Thus many artesian wells have been sunk in the Algerian Sahara which have proved an immense boon to the district.
The water of most of these is potable, but a few are a little saline, though not to such an extent as to influence vegetation. The hollows in which London and Paris lie are both perforated in many places by borings of this nature. At London they were first sunk only to the sand B B, but latterly into the chalk c o. One of the most celebrated artesian wells is that of Crenelle near Paris, 1798 feet deep, completed in 1841, after eight years' work. Artesian wells are now common in many countries, and have been sunk to the depth of a mile or more. As the temperature of water from great depths is invariably higher than that at the surface, artesian wells have been made to supply warm water for heating manufactories, greenhouses, hospitals, fish-ponds, etc. Petroleumwells are generally of the same technical description. Artesian wells were later made with larger diameters than formerly, and altogether their construction was rendered much more easy after the industrial revolution. Research Artesian Wells
Billingsgate is the principal fish-market of London. It is located on the left bank of the River Thames, a little below London Bridge. It has been frequently improved, and was rebuilt in 1852 and again bewteen 1874 and 1876. From the character, real or supposed, of the Billingsgate fish-dealers, the term Billingsgate was applied in Victorian society to coarse and violent language. Research Billingsgate
A collective noun (or collective name) is a name which denotes or represents a number of individual items. For example, a number of sheep together is known as a 'flock'. The word 'flock' is the collective noun for a number of sheep. Some items have multiple collective nouns, for example a collection of goats can be known as a 'herd', a 'tribe' or a 'trip'.
Ambush is the collective noun for a group of tigers.
Army is the collective noun for a group of frogs, ants,
Array is the collective noun for a group of hedgehogs.
Badelynge is the collective noun for a group of ducks on the ground.
Bale is the collective noun for a group of turtles.
Barren is the collective noun for a group of mules.
Basket is the collective noun for a group of plums.
Battery is the collective noun for a group of barracuda.
Bazaar is the collective noun for a group of guillemots.
Bed is the collective noun for a group of clams.
Bench is the collective noun for a group of bishops, magistrates.
Bevy is the collective noun for a group of quail, roes, swans, pheasants, ladies.
Brace is the collective noun for a group of bucks.
Brood is the collective noun for a group of chickens.
Building is the collective noun for a group of rooks.
Bunch is the collective noun for a group of grapes, flowers.
Bundle is the collective noun for a group of asparagus.
Business is the collective noun for a group of ferrets.
Caravan is the collective noun for a group of camels.
Cast is the collective noun for a group of hawks, falcons.
Cete is the collective noun for a group of badgers.
Charm is the collective noun for a group of goldfinches.
Chatter is the collective noun for a group of budgerigars.
Chattering is the collective noun for a group of choughs.
Chine is the collective noun for a group of polecats.
Clamour is the collective noun for a group of rooks.
Clous is the collective noun for a group of gnats.
Clowder is the collective noun for a group of cats.
Clump is the collective noun for a group of trees.
Cluster is the collective noun for a group of grapes, spiders.
Clutch is the collective noun for a group of eggs.
Clutter is the collective noun for a group of spiders.
Colony is the collective noun for a group of gulls, frogs, penguins, ants, beavers.
Company is the collective noun for a group of widgeon, parrots.
Congregation is the collective noun for a group of plovers.
Convocation is the collective noun for a group of eagles.
Covert is the collective noun for a group of coots.
Covey is the collective noun for a group of partridges, grouse.
Crash is the collective noun for a group of rhinoceros.
A cruive is a trap for fish, especially salmon, consisting of a sort of hedge of stakes on a tidal river or the sea-beach. When the tide flows the fish swim over the wattles, but are left by the ebb. Research Cruive
A drag-net is a net drawn along the bottom of a river, pond or the sea in order to catch fish. In Victorian England, the use of drag-nets was generally prohibited in rivers where fish breed, on environmental grounds as a drag-net takes all fish indiscriminately. Research Drag-Net
The word Encyclopaedia (Encyclopedia) was first defined in Sir Thomas Elyot's LatinDictionary (1538) as 'that lernynge whiche comprehendeth all lyberall science and studies.' It was first used as the title of a book by Johann Heinrich Alsted in 1608, by which time it had acquired its modern meaning of a book covering every branch of humanknowledge. The term is also, however, applied to a work confined to some particular branch of knowledge. The distinction between an encyclopaedia and a dictionary is that the former explains subjects and the latter explains words, a dictionary being the product of the work of a philologist. And the distinction between a glossary and an encyclopaedia is one of depth, the glossary being much more concise and often restricted to a particular subject, for example horticulture.
The work of an encyclopaedist is some what analogous to that of a chef. Ingredients, in the form of information, is sourced from suppliers - existing data sources - processed and blended together, much as a chef may peelcook and blend vegetables, herbs, spices, meats and fish to form a new dish so the information is paraphrased, blended, corroborated and written down forming a new article. Much as a top class chef takes great care to select quality raw ingredients for his dishes, so too does the top class encyclopaedist take great care to ensure the quality and reliability of the information he sources. Research Encyclopaedia
A fish-hook is a curved, barbed, and pointed steel wire used for catching fish. Redditch in Worcestershire and Limerick were traditionally the chief British seats of the hand-made fish-hook manufacture. The Limerick hook, which had the greatest reputation, had a barb that was forged solid, and then filed into the proper shape, while ordinary hooks had a barb that was raised by cutting into the wire. By 1900 hook-making machines were common, especially in the United States, where the wire was run into the machine, and on the other side the hook dropped out completed, with the exception that it had to be tempered and coloured. Research Fish-Hook
In the USA, the fisheries question was a dispute over fishing between the inhabitants of America and Canada.
Previous to the American War of Independence, fishermen of the American colonies had free access to the fishing-grounds of Labrador, Newfoundland and the Gulf of St Lawrence. Subsequently to the war this privilege was protested against by the inhabitants of Canada. The question was long debated. Finally a compromise was effected in the Treaty of Paris on September the 3rd, 1783. United States fishermen were allowed access to the fishing grounds of Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Labrador, the St Lawrence and the Magdalen Islands, on an equal footing with British fishermen, in such parts as were unsettled or where permission could be obtained from the settlers.
The War of 1812 did away with this treaty, the fishery right was denied the United States and Canadian Governors were instructed to exclude American fishermen. A commission of the two countries decided in 1818 that the United States should forever have the right to fish on the western and northern coast of Newfoundland and the Magdalens only. Reciprocal trade being established between the United States and Canada by the Treaty of 1847, fishing was allowed the former in all British colonies except Newfoundland, which refused consent. This treaty was terminated in 1866 by the United States and the conditions of 1818 were revived.
By the Treaty of Washington in 1871, the United States fishermen were allowed to take fish of any description, except shell-fish, in all Canadian waters, the British fishermen to have the same privileges in United States waters north of latitude 39 degrees north. Research Fisheries Question
The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
Abbreviations
Research Angling
