Stoicism is an ancient Greek philosophy that developed from Cynicism. Stoicism was founded at Athens by Zeno of Citium in Cyprus around 300 BC and is essentially a practical philosophy, the source of its ethics being the ideal of the wise man after the pattern of Socrates, who perceives that the true good of man lies not in outward objects, but in the state of the soul itself. A follower of
Stoicism is known as a Stoic. Research Stoicism
Abu Bakr was the first caliph from 632 to 634. He was born in 573 at Mecca and died in 634. He was the father of Aisha, the wife of the prophetMohammed. He became Mohammed's most trusted follower, accompanying him on the Hegira. After Mohammed died, Abu Bakr was made caliph, or successor to the Prophet, by an assembly of the faithful. As caliph, he prevented some tribes from reverting to heathenism and fought successfully against Persia and the Byzantine Empire. He was succeeded by Umar I. Research Abu Bakr
The Calixtines or Utraquists were, a sect of Hussites in Bohemia, who published their confession in 1421, the leading article of which was a demand to partake of the cup (calix) as well as of the bread in the Lord's Supper, from which they received their name of Utraquists (from the Latin uterque, both). Their tenets were conceded by the articles of Basel in 1433, and they became the predominant party in Bohemia. The name Calixtine is also given to a follower of Georg Calixtus. Research Calixtines
Edward Cardwell (ViscountCardwell) WAS AN English statesman. He was born in 1813 and died in 1886. He entered parliament in 1842, became a follower of Peel, and was secretary to the treasury in 1845-46. Under LordAberdeen he became president of the Board of Trade in 1853, and was the chief agent in carrying the great Merchant Shipping Act of 1854. In Palmerston's cabinet of 1859 he became secretary for Ireland, and under Palmerston and Russell he was colonial secretary in 1864-1866. As war secretary under Mr. Gladstone, in 1868-1874, he introduced great reforms in the army, including the short service and reserve system, and abolition of the purchase of commissions. He was created a peer in 1874, and henceforth took no great part in public affairs. Research Edward Cardwell
Fra Bartolommeo (real name Baccio Delia Porta) was an Italian painter. He was born in 1475 near Florence and died in 1517. While young he was admitted to the workshop of the Cosimo Roselli where he met Mariotto Albertinelli. He studied painting in Florence, and acquired a more perfect knowledge of art from the works of Leonardo da Vinci. He was an admirer and follower of Savonarola, on whose death he joined the Dominican order in 1500, though he never became a priest, giving up painting for four years until persuaded to start again. He was the friend of Michael Angelo and Raphael; painted many religious pictures, among them a Saint Mark and Saint Sebastian, which are greatly admired. His colouring, in vigour and brilliancy, comes near to that of Titian and Giorgione. Research Fra Bartolommeo
Henry de Turberville was an English knight. He was a follower of King John and took part in the victory over the French fleet in the Dover Straits in 1217. he was seneschal of Gascony from 1226 until 1231 and again from 1234 until 1238. He fought in the Welsh war of 1233, capturing Carmarthen. He died in 1239. Research Henry de Turberville
James Harris was an English philologist. He was born in 1709 at Salisbury and died in 1780. In 1744 he published a volume containing three treatises - on Art, on Music and Painting, and on Happiness. His most celebrated work is Hermes, or a Philosophical Inquiry concerning Universal Grammar published in 1751. Entering Parliament for Christchurch in 1761, he held the offices of lord of the Admiralty and lord of the Treasury. He was a follower of George Grenville, with whom he retired in 1865. Research James Harris
John White Abbott was an English amateur landscape painter. He was born in 1763 and died in 1851. A follower of Francis Towne, he exhibited oil paintings at the Royal Academy between 1793 and 1805 and again in 1810 and in 1822 but although these were praised at the time, after his death his monochrome pen and ink drawings were more sought after.
Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott was a Canadian politician. He was born in 1821 at Saint Andrews, Quebec and died in 1893. He was the first Canadian-born Prime Minister of Canada, a post he held from 1891 to 1892. Research John Abbott
Abbreviations
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