Deer is the Cervidae family of ruminanthoofed mammals allied to the Antelopes (differing in that the deer's horns - antlers - are shed annually, and the antelope's horns are permanent). They have lithe, but compact bodies and short tails. The legs are long and slender, and they have eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw and none in the upper. Deer are most commonly associated with possessing antlers, though a few species lack antlers. The antlers are bony outgrowths arising from the frontal bones, and in most species are borne only by the male - the Caribou being the exception. Deer are all excellent swimmers, and are widely hunted by man across the world for their meat (venison) and their skin which tans to a soft leather which has been used for clothing for centuries. Research Deer
Gadfly is a name commonly applied to various insects, a large number of which belong to the great Linnaean genus OEstrus, while others belong to the genusTabanus. OEstrus bovis or ox gadfly (the Hypoderma bovis of some naturalists) is about 7 lines in length with a yellow thorax, with a black band; white abdomen; fulvous terminal segments and dusky wings. This species attacks the horse also, the female depositing her eggs in the skin of these animals in considerable numbers. In a short time the eggs are matured, and produce a larva or worm, which immediately pierces the skin, raising large lumps or tumours filled with pus, upon which the larva feeds.
Oestrus equi (the Gastrophilus or Gastrus equi of some naturalists) deposits its eggs upon such parts of the skin of horses as are subject to be much licked by the animal, and thus they are conveyed to the stomach, where the heat speedily hatches the larvae, well known under the name of botts.
Oestrus ovis (also called Cephalomyia ovis) deposits its eggs in the nostrils of sheep, where the larva is hatched, and immediately ascends into the frontal sinuses, attaching itself very firmly to the lining membrane by means of two strong hooks situated at its mouth. Other species infest the buffalo, camel, stag, etc. Even rhinoceroses and elephants are said not to be altogether exempt from their attacks.
The characteristics of the genusTabanus are two enormous eyes, usually of a greenish-yellow colour rayed or spotted with purple, antennas scarcely longer than the head, the last joint with five divisions. These insects suck the blood of horned cattle, horses, and sometimes people. The Tabanus bovinus, or larger gadfly is common in Europe. It is about 25 mm long, brown above and grey below. Its larva live on the ground, and its metamorphosis takes place under the earth but close to the surface. Research Gadfly
Gallinule is a name for aquatic birds belonging to the family Rallidae or rails, genera Gallinula and Porphyrio. They are good swimmers, though they are not web-footed, but have the toes furnished with a narrow membrane. The common gallinule, moorhen or water-hen (Gallinula chloropus), is the only British species. It is black, with a red frontalshield. Research Gallinule
Primate is the family of mammals that includes humans, apes, monkeys, lemurs bushbabies, lorises and tarsiers. Primates have complete, but unspecialised dentition. A large and complex brain. The eyes are well developed and directed forwards, with the orbit being closed behind by the union of the frontal and jugal bones. They are generally arboreal animals, with a single chamber uterus producing few offspring which require parental care for a long time after birth. Research Primate
The angular vein runs down the side of the nose. It is formed by the junction of the frontal vein, which runs down the middle of the forehead, and the supra-orbital vein, which lies near the frontal vein. Research Angular Vein
Aphasia is a symptom of certain morbid conditions of the nervous system, in which the patient loses the power of expressing ideas by means of words, or loses the appropriate use of words, the vocal organs the while remaining intact and the intelligence sound. There is sometimes an entire loss of words as connected with ideas, and sometimes only the loss of a few. In one form of the disease, called aphemia, the patient can think and write, but cannot speak; in another, called agraphia, he can think and speak, but cannot express his ideas in writing. In a great majority of cases, where post-mortem examinations have been made, morbid changes have been found in the left frontal convolution of the brain. Research Aphasia
The cerebrum is the upper and larger portion of the brain and occupies the whole of the dome of the skull. The cerebrum is descriptively divided into four section, or lobes, named for the cranial bones which they are nearest: the frontal lobe, the occipital lobe, the parietal lobe, and the temporal lobe. Cerebrospinal fluid, used to support the brain and buffer it, is transmitted to these lobes by means of lateral ventricles which project branches, or horns (cornu), into the frontal, occipital, and temporal lobes. The functions of each lobe are coordinated by connecting, or commissural, fibres. The frontal lobe is located behind the frontal bone and is responsible for voluntary motor coordination. It houses control areas for muscular control of the body and for coordinated rhythmical movements of the head and throat, such as in chewing, licking, and swallowing. The frontal lobe also contains the higher thought processing centers of memory, reasoning, and associative conceptualizing.
The occipital lobe is located just in front of the occipital bone and contains the centers responsible for sight. Damage to the occipital lobe therefore often results in vision impairment. The parietal lobe is located in the upper, middle part of the brain, next to the parietal bones. It houses the control centers for processing impulses related to the sense of touch. Temperature, texture, size, shape, and weight are analyzed and processed here. The temporal lobe is located on the side of each hemisphere of the brain, next to the temporal bone, and houses areas for the processing and correlation of auditory (hearing) and olfactory (smell) senses. Damage to this section of the brain can result in deafness, auditory hallucinations, and other hearing disorders. Research Cerebrum
Abbreviations
Research Deer
