The angelus is a Roman Catholic devotion in honour of the Incarnation, instituted by Urban II. It consists of three texts, each said as versicle and response, and followed by the salutation of Gabriel. Research Angelus
The Burnett prizes were prizes established by a Mr. Burnett, a merchant of Aberdeen, on his death in 1784. He left a fund from which were to be given every forty years two theological prizes (not less than 1200 pounds and 400 pounds) for the best two essays in favour of the evidence that there is an all-powerful, wise, and good Being, and this independent of all revelation.
The first competition was in 1815, when Dr. Brown, principal of Aberdeen University, gained the first prize, and Dr. John Bird Sumner, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, the second. In 1855 the first prize was adjudged to the Reverend R. A. Thompson, Lincolnshire, and the second prize to the Reverend Dr. John Tulloch, afterwards principal of St Mary's College, St. Andrews. The destination of the fund was later altered by parliament, and from the late 19th century courses of lectures were delivered, the first, on light, being by Professor Gabriel Stokes in 1883. Research Burnett Prizes
Dolly Varden is a character in Charles Dickens's novel Barnaby Rudge. Daughter of the locksmith Gabriel Varden, and the belle of the countryside, she marries Joe Willet and lives with him at the MaypoleInn. Research Dolly Varden
The Essaie du Michigan was the first newspaper issued in Michigan. It was published by Father Gabriel Richard in English and French, the first edition appearing at Detroit on August the 31st 1809. The Essaie du Michigan soon ceased publication before even ten editions had been published. Research Essaie du Michigan
Gabriel's Insurrection was an insurrection incited among the Negro slaves of the vicinity of Richmond, Virginia. in 1800, by a slave of Thomas Prosser, called 'General Gabriel', and 'Jack Bowler'. They intended to attackRichmond by night with a thousand Negroes and murder the inhabitants. An escaped Negro revealed the plot. Governor James Monroe ordered out the militia and attacked the insurgents. The ringleaders were captured and 'punished'. Research Gabriel's Insurrection
Genre painting is a type of painting concerned with the realistic depiction of scenes from everyday life. Originally the term was applied to all paintings that were factual representations of nature (animals, fruit, and landscapes), as well as scenes of ordinary life, rather than to works of imagination, such as religious and historical paintings. Genre paintings deal with ordinary life, including family life, sports, street scenes, picnics, festivals, and tavern scenes. They are usually characterised by human interest and by the care and finish with which they are executed.
Genre painting originated in ancient times. Many of the scenes painted on the walls of Egyptian tombs represent the daily life of the people of ancient Egypt. Excavations in the ancient cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum have revealed many genre paintings, both conventional and erotic. In the late Middle Ages genre painting reappeared, represented chiefly in the religious calendars that formed part of the illuminations, or illustrations, of manuscript books; the calendars show people going about the occupations appropriate to each season of the year.
In Italy during the early Renaissance, many of the religious and historical pictures of such painters as the 15th-century Florentines Ghirlandaio and Benozzo Gozzoli and the later Venetians Giorgione and the Bassano family are considered genre paintings because of their contemporaneous backgrounds and costumes as well as their use of people of the times as models. In 17th- century Italy, Mannerist painters such as Caravaggio executed genre paintings of extreme realism and dramatic power. In the 15th century the Flemish painter Petrus Christus in some of his religious paintings represented scenes from ordinary life, and in the following two centuries genre painting rose to its highest level in history with the work of the Flemish artists Pieter Brueghel the Elder, David Teniers, and Adriaen Brouwer. The greatest national school of genre painting was that of the Netherlands in the 17th century. Probably never before or after was the ordinary life of a nation depicted so fully as was the Dutch life of this period. Not only the great masters but also the less outstanding Dutch painters excelled in it.
The most important of the Dutch genre painters were the so-called little masters, including Gerard Ter Borch, Jan Steen, Gabriel Metsu, Pieter de Hooch, Gerard Dou, and Adrian Van Ostade. The three leading 17th-century Dutch masters, Rembrandt, Frans Hals, and Jan Vermeer, also created genre paintings of unrivalled beauty. French genre painting showed a vital development in the work of Antoine Watteau, Nicolas Lancret, Jean Baptiste Chardin, and Jean Honore Fragonard. One of the most noted English genre painters was the great satirist William Hogarth. In the 19th century, genre painting was widely practised in both Europe and the USA Among the outstanding European painters in this style were the French painters Jean Leon Gerome and Jean Meissonier, the English painter William Powell Frith, and the American painter William Sidney Mount, known as the 'JanSteen of Long Island.' Among the many 19th- and 20th- century American painters whose work included genre painting were Robert Henri, John Sloan, George Wesley Bellows, George B Luks, Charles E Burchfield, Reginald Marsh, Grant Wood, and Thomas Hart Benton. Research Genre Painting
Alexandre Gabriel Decamps was a French painter. He was born in 1803 at Paris and killed while hunting at Fontainebleau in 1860. His paintings include pictures of Oriental scenery and character, historical pictures, genre pictures, and animals. Research Alexandre Decamps
Bethlem-Gabor or Gabriel-Bethlem was a Hungarian soldier. He was born in 1580 and died in 1629. He fought under Gabriel Bathori, and then joined the Turks, by whose aid he made himself Prince of Transylvania in 1613. In 1619 he assisted the Bohemians against Austria, and, marching into Hungary, was elected king by the nobles in 1620. This title he surrendered in return for the cession to him by the Emperor Frederick II of seven Hungarian counties and two Silesian principalities. After a brilliant reign he died in 1629 without heir. Research Bethlem-Gabor
Emilie Carlen was a Swedish novelist. She was born in 1807 and died in 1892. She was married to Johan Gabriel Carlen, a lawyer and miscellaneous writer. Her graphic pictures of everyday life have secured her a place among the great romance writers of the day. Many of her novels have been translated into Danish, French, German, and English. Research Emilie Carlen
The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
Abbreviations
Research Angelus
