Barite or baryte is major ore of barium. It has a high specific gravity for a light coloured mineral and is a common gangue mineral in hydrothermal veins or as a replacement mineral in veins of limestone and dolomite. It is associated with lead, silver and antimonysulphides. It has the formulae BaSO4 and a relative hardness of 3. It was the first mineral to be found to be luminescent when heated, and led to the discovery of the luminescence of minerals. It is used as an ore of barium, for refining sugar, in the paper industry and as a pigment. Research Barite
Celestite (also known as celestine) is a natural sulphate of strontium, so named from its occasional delicate blue colour. It occurs crystallized, also in compact massive and fibrous forms. Celestite is often found disseminated through limestone or sandstone, or lining cavities in such rocks. It is associated with calcite, dolomite, gypsum, sulphur, fluorite and is also found as a gangue mineral in lead veins. It is an important source of strontium and is used to prepare nitrate of strontium for fireworks and tracer bullets, and in the refining of beet sugar. It has the formulae SrSO4 and a relative hardness of 4. Research Celestite
Chalybite, spathic iron ore or spathose iron is an iron carbonate, yellowish-grey to brown in colour. It is a common gangue mineral in metalliferous veins found in the coal measures of England, the Lias beds of Yorkshire, in the USA and in Germany and other places, providing an important ore of iron. Research Chalybite
Strontianite is a natural source of strontium, named after Strontian in Argyleshire where it was discivered in 1792 by Hope. Physically it is similar to cerussite and witherite. It is associated with barite, celestite, and calcite in veins in limestone. Occasionally it is found in igneous rocks and as a gangue mineral in sulphide veins. It has the formulae SrCO3 and a relative hardness of 4. Research Strontianite
In geology a vein is a narrow mass of rock intersecting other rocks, and filling inclined or vertical fissures not corresponding with the stratification. Such mineral ores have usually been deposited from solutions, and may be metallic or non-metallic; as a general rule, the two kinds are found in veins together. The non-valuable mineral deposit in a vein is known as the gangue. Veins are sources of many of the valuable metals, e.g. gold and silver, and vary in size from the almost invisible to several hundred feet in thickness. Research Vein
 
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