Alessandro Gavazzi was a popular Italian preacher and religious reformer. He was born in 1909 at and died in 1889. At the age of fifteen he became a monk of the Barnabite order, at twenty he was professor of rhetoric in the College of Naples, and soon after made his mark as a pulpit orator. In 1846 he was chaplain-general of the Roman patriotic league. Subsequently he threw off his papal allegiance and joined the agitation which ended in the short-lived republic. The French occupation of Rome drove him into exile, when he travelled through Britain and America lecturing against the Church of Rome, his power as an orator evoking much enthusiasm. He was with Garibaldi in 1860, and made subsequent visits to Britain gathering funds for the Free Italian Church, in the interests of which he lectured, preached, and travelled on deputation work until his death. Research Alessandro Gavazzi
Alexandre Dumas was a French novelist and dramatist. He was born in 1803 at born at Villers-Cotterets and died in 1870. He was the son of a republican general, and grandson of Marquis de la Pailleterie and a negress, Tiennette Dumas. In 1823 he went to Paris, and obtained an assistant-secretaryship from the Duke of Orleans, afterwards Louis Philippe. He soon began to write for the stage, and in 1829 scored his first success with his dramaHenry III. It was produced when the battle between the Romanticists and the Classicists was at its height, and hailed as a triumph by the former school. The same year appeared his Christine, and in quick succession Antony, Richard d'Arlington, Teresa, Le Tour de Nesle, CatharineHoward, Mile. de Belle-Isle, etc. Dumas had now become a noted Parisian character.
The critics fought over the merits of his pieces, and the scandalmongers over his prodigality and galanteries. Turning his attention to romance, he produced a series of historical romances, among which may be mentioned, Les Deux Dianes;
La ReineMargot; Les Trois Mousquetaires (The Three Musketeers), with its continuations Vingt Ans Apres, and Vicomte de Bragelonne. His Monte-Cristo (Count of Monte-Cristo) and several others are also well known to English readers through translations. Several historical works were also written by him: Louis XIV et son Siecle; Le Regent et Louis XV; Le Drame de '93; Florence et les Medicis, etc. The works which bear his name amount to some 1200 volumes, including about 60 dramas; but the only claim he could lay to a great number of the productions issued under his name, was that he either sketched the plot or revised them before going to press. He earned vast sums of money, but his recklessness and extravagance latterly reduced him to the adoption of a shifty, scheming mode of living. His Memoires, begun in 1852, present interesting sketches of literary life during the restoration, but display intense egotism. In 1860 he accompanied Garibaldi in the expedition which freed Naples from the Bourbons. Research Alexandre Dumas
Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian patriot and liberator. He was born in 1807 at Nice and died in 1882. His father being a poor fisherman, he received little education, and for a number of years was a sailor on various trading vessels. In 1834 he became a member of the 'Young Italy' party, and being condemned to death for his share in the schemes of Mazzini, escaped to Marseilles, took service in the fleet of the Bey of Tunis, and finally Went to South America. In the service of the Republic of RioGrande against the Brazilians he became known as a brilliant leader, and with his famous Italian legion he subsequently gave the Monte Videans such effective aid against Buenos Aires as to earn the title of 'hero of Monte Video.'
In 1848 he returned to Italy, raised a band of volunteers, and harassed the Austrians until the cessation of hostilities and re-establishment of Austrian supremacy in Lombardy. He then retired to Switzerland, but in the spring of 1849 proceeded to Rome to support Mazzini's republic.
He was appointed to command the forces, but the odds were overwhelming, and after a desperate defence of thirty days Garibaldi escaped from Rome with 4000 of his followers. In the course of his flight his wife Anita died from fatigue and privations. He reached the United States, and was for some years in command of a merchant vessel. He then purchased a part of the small island of Caprera, off the north coast of Sardinia, and made this his home for the rest of his life. Latterly the subscriptions of his admirers enabled him to become owner of the whole island.
In the war of 1859, in which Sardinia recovered Lombardy, Garibaldi and his Chasseurs of the Alps did splendid service; and on the revolt of the Sicilians in 1860 he crossed to the island, wrested it after a fierce struggle from the King of Naples, re-crossed to the mainland and occupied Naples, where he was proclaimed Dictator of the Two Sicilies. It was now feared that Garibaldi might prove untrue to his motto - Italy and Victor Emmanuel - but he readily acquiesced in the annexation of the Two Sicilies to Italy, and declining all honours retired to his island farm.
In 1862 he endeavoured to force the Roman question to a solution, and entered Calabria with a small following, but was taken prisoner at Aspromonte by the royal troops. He was soon released, however, and returned to Caprera. In 1864 he received an enthusiastic welcome in Britain. In 1866 he commanded a volunteer force against the Austrians in the Italian Tyrol, but failed to accomplish anything of consequence. Next year he attempted the liberation of Rome, but near Montana was defeated by the French and pontifical troops, and was again imprisoned by the Italian government, but soon pardoned and released.
In 1870 he gave his services to the French republican government against the Germans, and with his 20,000 men rendered valuable assistance in the south-east. At the end of the war he was elected a member of the French assembly, but speedily resigned his seat and returned to Caprera. Rome now became the capital of united Italy, and here in January, 1875, Garibaldi took his seat in the Italian parliament. The latter part of his life was spent quietly at Caprera. After 1870 he wrote two or three novels - very mediocre productions. Research Giuseppe Garibaldi
A garibaldi was a men's or woman's loose, bright red coloured blouse or shirt with long sleeves, a collar, and fastening down the front with buttons or toggles, sometimes belted, but always with a military flavour. Garibaldis were popular in the 1850's and 1860's for both children and adults, and were copied from the red flannel shirt worn by Garibaldi's soldiers. Research Garibaldi
The Marina Militare (MM) Garibaldi is an Italian aircraft carrier commissioned in 1985. The ship is a 10,000 ton standard displacement aircraft carrying cruiser capable of carrying 18 helicopters or an air squadron of vertical or short take off and landing (VSTOL) aircraft. The ship's crew is 550 officers and ratings plus 230 air staff. The carrier can carry out anti-submarine warfare, command and control of naval and aero-naval forces, area surveillance, convoyescort, commandotransportation, and fleet logistic support including the maintenance of helicopters based on other ships. The ship is also equipped to carry out humanitarian relief missions. The ship's long range surface to surface missile system, the Alenia Oto Sistemi Missilistici (AOSM) Otomat, is installed on the gun decks at the stern of the ship, two launchers on the port and two on the starboard side.
The ship's surface-to-air missile is the AESN Albatros which provides short range point defence against threats from aircraft and missiles, both sea skimming and diving. The Albatros octuple launchers are installed on the roof decks at the forward and stern end of the main island. The Albatros Mark 2 system uses the Aspide missile. The ship is armed with 48 Aspide missiles. The ship is armed with three Otobreda 40/70 mm twin guns. One gun is installed on the gun deck at the stern of the ship and two are installed, one each on the port and starboard gun decks at a lower level than the flight deck. Two ILAS 3 triple tube torpedo launchers from are fitted to the ship, one on each side of the ship. The 324 mm tubes are capable of firing the Honeywell Mark-46 or the A290 torpedo.
The ship's flight deck is 174 metres in length and 30.5 metres in width, and the forward 15 metres of the flight deck rises to a gentle ski ramp of about 4 degrees. The ship has an extensive aircraft hangar with maintenance and support facilities. The ship can accommodate up to eighteen helicopters, for example the AgustaSikorsky SH-3D Sea King or the Agusta AB212ASW. Alternatively the ship can accommodate 16 AV-8BHarrier II aircraft armed with the Maverick air to surface missile and the AMRAAM AIM-120 air to air missiles, or a mix of helicopter and Harriers. The ship's propulsion system provides a maximum speed of 30 knots and at an economical speed of 20 knots the range is over 7000 nautical miles. Research Garibaldi
The Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian Garibaldi Class cruiser of 7874 tons displacement launched in 1936. The Giuseppe Garibaldi was powered by eight 3-drum type oil-burning boilers providing a top speed of 35 knots and carried a complement of 600. She was armed with ten 6-inch guns; eight 3.9-inch guns; eight 37 mm anti-aircraft guns; eight 13 mm anti-aircraft guns; two depth charge throwers; six 21 inch torpedo tubes arranged in two triples, was equipped for mine laying and carried four aircraft. Research Giuseppe Garibaldi
The Giuseppe Garibaldi is an Italian light aircraft carrier of 10100 tons displacement launched in 1983. The Giuseppe Garibaldi carries a crew of 550 plus 230 aircrew and has accommodation facilities for 825. The Giuseppe Garibaldi is powered by four Fiat/General Electric LM 2500 gas turbines rated at 80000 hp and six diesel alternators with a generating capacity of 1950 kVA, providing a top speed of 30 knots and a range of 11200 km at 20 knots. Armaments consist of four OTO Melara/Matra Otomat Teseo Mk 2 surface-to-surface missiles; two Selenia Elsag Albatros octuple surface-to-air-missile launchers; six Breda 40 mm/70 anti-aircraft guns arranged in three twins and six 324 mm B-515 arranged in two triples, torpedo tubes taking the Honeywell Mk 46 anti-submarine torpedoes. Research Giuseppe Garibaldi II
The Luigi Di Savoia Duca Degli Abruzzi was an Italian Garibaldi Class cruiser of 7874 tons displacement launched in 1936. The Luigi Di Savoia Duca Degli Abruzzi was powered by eight 3-drum type oil-burning boilers providing a top speed of 35 knots and carried a complement of 600. She was armed with ten 6-inch guns; eight 3.9-inch guns; eight 37 mm anti-aircraft guns; eight 13 mm anti-aircraft guns; two depth charge throwers; six 21 inch torpedo tubes arranged in two triples, was equipped for mine laying and carried four aircraft. Research Luigi Di Savoia Duca Degli Abruzzi
The Pueyrredon was an Argentinean cruiser of 6100 tons displacement launched in 1897 as the Giuseppe Garibaldi. The Pueyrredon was powered by eight Yarrow boilers converted to burn oil in 1930, providing a top speed of 18 knots. She was armed with two 10-inch guns; eight 6-inch guns; four 6-pdr guns and one 37 mm anti-aircraft gun. Research Pueyrredon
The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
Abbreviations
Research Alessandro Gavazzi
