The Hanoverian is a German breed of dressage and show-jumping horse first developed by George Louis (later King George II of England) in 1735 as a versatile carriage, riding and agricultural horse. The Hanoverian stands about 16.2 hands high, occurs in any solid colour, and has an international reputation for its temperament, strength and stamina. Research Hanoverian
Ernest Augustus was King of Hanover and Duke of Cumberland. He was born in 1771 and died in 1851. He was the fifth son of George III of England. He became a field-marshal in the British army and commanded the Hanoverian army against the French in 1793 - 1795 and again in 1810 - 1814. He became King of Hanover on the death of William IV in 1837, in consequence of the succession to the sovereignty of that country being limited to male heirs. He was succeeded by his son, George V, the last of the Hanoverian kings. Research Ernest Augustus
George II (nicknamed Prince Titi) was King of Great Britain and Ireland. He was born in 1683 and died in 1760. He was a soldier more than a politician, at the age of 60, he was the last British sovereign to fight alongside his soldiers, at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743 in Germany, against the French. Like his father, for much of his reign George's political options were limited by the strength of the Jacobite cause (James Stuart the Old Pretender, and then his son, Charles Edward Stuart), with which many of the Tories were linked. George's reign was threatened in 1745 when Charles Edward Stuart, the Young Pretender, landed in Scotland. After some initial success (which led to the national anthem in its current form becoming popular among the Hanoverian loyalists), Charles was defeated at the Battle of Culloden in April 1746 and the Jacobite threat was over. Research George II
Levin Augustus Count Von Bennigsen was a Russian soldier. He was born in 1745 at Brunswick and died in 1826. After some years in the Hanoverian service he entered that of Russia, in 1773, distinguished himself in Turkey and Poland, took part in the conspiracy against Paul I, and was made a general by Alexander I. In the war with France, from 1805 to 1813, he played a most distinguished part, especially at the battles of Pultusk, Eylau, Borodino, Woronova, and Leipsic. He retired from the Russian service to his paternal estate in Hanover in 1818. Research Levin Bennigsen
Victoria was Queen of Great Britain and Ireland and Empress of India. She was born in 1819 and died in 1901. She succeeded to the throne in 1837 at the age of 18 and reigned until her death in 1901. As women could not inherit the Hanoverian throne, when Victoria ascended the British throne the Hanoverian throne passed to her uncle and the union with Hanover that had lasted 123 years ended. During the early years of her reign, Victoria was heavily influenced by her Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne, and after her marriage in 1840 by her husband, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The marriage was very happy and they had nine children, most of whom married into European royal families. In 1861, Albert died of typhoid. Victoria retreated into seclusion, but kept up her constitutional duties, eventually resuming her public life.
Victoria's long reign coincided with a fundamental change in the nature of the British monarchy by which its power declined and was replaced by influence. In 1837 the government was still seen to a large extent as the Sovereign's government. However, the defeat of Melbourne's government in the 1841 general election meant that, for the first time, the electorate had in effect chosen a Prime Minister (Peel) against the Sovereign's wishes. But since the political groups in Parliament were not wholly cohesive and none could form a majority on its own, the Queen could still exert influence. The coalition government of 1852, led by Aberdeen, was the last to be brought into existence by royal initiative, but royal support could not sustain this coalition when it was accused of incompetence during the Crimean War and it fell in 1855. With the growth of the two-party system, which increasingly limited the Queen's power to choose her Prime Minister, her influence was directed more towards matters of government policy, particularly foreign affairs, and she was occasionally able to mediate in political crises. In 1856, the Queen instituted the Victoria Cross, which was the highest award for valour open to all ranks, made from Russian guns captured in the Crimean War.
In 1877, Victoria became Empress of India under the Royal Titles Act. The Monarchy's importance increased at home and abroad. During Victoria's reign, the spread of self-government in the colonies (Dominions) coincided with a growth in imperial sentiment and the Queen's personal prestige. In 1897 the Queen celebrated her DiamondJubilee amid scenes of popular enthusiasm. She had reigned longer than any other British monarch. Research Queen Victoria
Sir Richard Steele was an Irish author, founder, editor and, with Joseph Addison, chief contributor of 'The Tatler' and also 'The Spectator' and 'The Guardian' (both of which he founded together with Joseph Addison). He was born in 1672 and died in 1729. His periodical, The Tatler, ran from 1709 to 1711 and dealt with social and moral essays and carried occasional articles on literature. He entered parliament in 1713 but was expelled for supporting the Hanoverian cause. He was knighted by George I. Research Richard Steele
Wilhelm Karl Grimm was a German philologist. He was born in 1786 and died in 1859. Together with his brother Jakob Grimm they wrote a book of fairy tales. He was educated at Cassel and Marburg, and in 1830 he followed his brother to Gottingen, and obtained a professorship. He joined in his brother's protest against the abrogation of the new Hanoverianconstitution, and was deprived of his office. Having obtained an appointment in Berlin, he died in that city in 1859. He devoted himself especially to the German mediaeval poetry, and published a treatise, Ueber die deutschen Runen, a translation of Altdanische Heldenlieder, Balladen und Marchen, etc, all with valuable introductions and disquisitions. Research Wilhelm Grimm
Sir William Herschel was an Anglo-German astronomer. He was born in 1738 and died in 1822. He discovered the planetUranus. The son of a Hanoverian musician, he came to England in 1757, and was employed in the formation of a military band, and in conducting, while organist at Bath, several concerts, oratorios, etc.
Although enthusiastically fond of music, he had for some time devoted his leisure hours to the study of mathematics and astronomy; and being dissatisfied with the only telescopes within his reach, he set about constructing instruments for himself. Late in 1779 he began a regular survey of the heavens, star by star, with a 7-feet reflector, and discovered, on March the 13th, 1781, a new primary planet, named by him the Georgium Sidus, but now known as Uranus. This discovery extended his fame throughout the world, and brought him a pension of 400 pounds a year, with the title of private astronomer to the king.
Assiduously continuing his observations, he measured the rotation of Saturn, discovered two of its satellites, and observed the phenomena of its rings. He also discovered the satellites of Uranus, and observed the volcanic structure of the lunar mountains. At Slough, near Windsor, he erected a telescope of 40 feet length, and completed it in 1787.
William Herschel received much assistance in making and recording observations from his sister Caroline Herschel and latterly his brother, a skilful optical instrument maker, lent him valuable aid. In 1802 he laid before the Royal Society a catalogue of 5000 nebulse and clusters of stars which he had discovered. He was made DCL by the University of Oxford, and in 1816 was knighted. Research William Herschel
William Pitt (Earl of Chatham) was an English politician. He was born in 1708 and died in 1778. The son of Robert Pitt of Boconnoc, in Cornwall, he was educated at Eton and Oxford. He entered parliament as Whig member for the borough of Old Sarum (which was the property of his family), and soon attracted notice as a powerful opponent of Walpole. In spite of the king's dislike William Pitt was powerful enough to win a place in the administration of 1746, first as vice-treasurer of Ireland, and afterwards as paymaster-general.
In 1756 he became secretary of state and real head of the government. Dismissed in 1757 on account of his opposition to the king's Hanoverian policy, no stable administration could be formed without him, and he returned to power the same year in conjunction with the Duke of Newcastle. It was under this administration and entirely under the inspiration of William Pitt that Britain rose to a place amongst the nations she had not before occupied. Wolfe and Clive, both stimulated and supported in their great designs by William Pitt, won Canada and India from the French, and the support the Great Commoner gave Frederick of Prussia contributed not a little to the destruction of French predominance in Europe.
The accession of George III brought LordBute into power, and William Pitt, disagreeing with Bute, resigned in 1761. In 1766 he strongly advocated conciliatory measures towards the American colonies, and undertook the same year to form an administration, going to the House of Lords as Earl of Chatham. But the ministry was not a success, and in 1768 he resigned. After this his principal work was his appeals for a conciliatory policy towards the colonies. But his advice was disregarded, and the colonies declared themselves independent in 1776. After his death, William Pitt received a public funeral and a magnificentmonument in WestminsterAbbey. The character of William Pitt was marked by integrity, disinterestedness, and patriotism. With great oratorical gifts and the insight of a great statesman he had liberal and elevated sentiments; but he was haughty and showed too marked a consciousness of his own superiority.
William Pitt was an English politician. He was born in 1759 and died in 1806. The second son of the Earl of Chatham, he became Prime Minister of England in 1783. He enforced the English navigation acts against the United States with great severity, yet his policy was liberal in the main. He resigned office in 1801. Research William Pitt
The Battle of Langensalza in the Austro-Prussian War, was a Prussian victory on the 27th of June 1866 over a Hanoverian army fighting on the Austrian side. The Hanoverians initially beat off the Prussians, inflicting losses of about 1,400 killed and 900 taken prisoner, while themselves losing about 1, 400. However, the Prussian army was deployed in strength in this area and reinforcements quickly arrived and surrounded the Hanoverians, forcing their surrender. Research Battle of Langensalza
The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
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Abbreviations
Research Hanoverian
