Chloral hydrate is a white crystalline solid with a faint odour used in medicine as a hypnotic since 1869. Related to chloroform, chloral hydrate is not as strong as some of the more recent drugs in this category, but administered with alcohol, the crystalline powder - the so-called 'knockout drops' - can produce coma. Chloral hydrate also irritates mucous membranes and skin. Research Chloral hydrate
Levothyroxine sodium is a synthetic crystalline levothyroxine sodium (L-thyroxine). L-thyroxine is the principal hormone secreted by the normal thyroidgland. Chemically, L-thyroxine is designated as L-tyrosine, O- (4-hydroxy-3, 5-diiodophenyl) - 3,5-diiodo -, monosodium salt, hydrate. It is used in replacement or supplemental therapy in patients of any age or state (including pregnancy) with hypothyroidism of any aetiology except transient hypothyroidism during the recovery phase of sub- acute thyroiditis: primary hypothyroidism resulting from thyroid dysfunction, primary atrophy, or partial or total absence of the thyroidgland, or from the effects of surgery, radiation or drugs, with or without the presence of goitre, including sub-clinical hypothyroidism; secondary (pituitary) hypothyroidism; and tertiary (hypothalamic) hypothyroidism. Research Levothyroxine Sodium
Acetylene is a highly inflammable gas of the hydrocarbon family used for welding and cutting metals. It was discovered by Berthelot. In 1862 Friedrich Wohler discovered that carbide of calcium treated with water produced lime and acetylene. In 1895 acetylene was cheaply produced on a commercial scale and subsequently was used for general lighting.
Acetylene is colourless, and has a rather pleasant ethereal smell when pure, but as ordinarily prepared it is not quite pure, containing small quantities of sulphuretted and phosphuretted hydrogen, and having a strong and disagreeable odour. It can be liquefied by cold and pressure, and may even be obtained in the solid form as a snow-like mass. It is one of the constituents of ordinary coal-gas, but is present in very small quantities. It burns readily, being ignited at a temperature below that at which coal-gas is ignited. If there is not a sufficient supply of air the flame is dull and very smoky, but when a proper burner is used acetylene gives a very white and brilliant flame, its illuminating power being far higher than that of coal-gas. It possesses properties that may render it dangerous in certain circumstances, and these have to be guarded against. The gas itself may be made to explode by (a) high temperature and great pressure, and (b) a detonation some little distance away, and in the liquid form the risk of explosion is so great that in Britain and elsewhere liquid acetylene is forbidden to be stored and used. When mixed with chlorine it explodes spontaneously. Like other combustible gases it forms an explosive mixture with air.
Acetylene has been known for a considerable time, and may be produced in various ways, but only in the late 19th century did it come into extensive use as an illuminant, and only since a cheap method of producing carbide of lime (calcium carbide) was discovered, the gas being readily prepared by bringing this substance into contact with water. Calcium carbide was manufactured by subjecting a mixture of coke and lime to the heat of an electric furnace, and when it is brought into contact with water the carbide is decomposed, and acetylene and lime or hydrate of lime are produced. To provide a supply of acetylene gas for lighting purposes various forms of generator were in use, and in these the carbide was either brought slowly into contact with the water, or the water was brought gradually into contact with the carbide, or the two was brought together at intervals and again separated. The gas had to be evolved at a low temperature, and under a low pressure, and in the absence of air. Before being used it had to be purified by passing it through suitable substances. A dry process of production was introduced in the late 19th century. Several kinds of burners and lamps were used, and portable lamps were quite common by 1900. Country mansions and such detached residences were often lighted by acetylene gas. A license was required to enable a person to keep more than 28 lbs. of calcium carbide stored in any building. Research Acetylene
In chemistry, base is a term applied to those compound substances which unite with acids to form salts. The most important bases are oxides of metals, and when brought in contact with acids their oxygen combines with the hydrogen of the acid to form water. They are divided into several sections, of which the most important are the alkalies. These substances are the hydrates of the so-called alkaline metals, and may be compared to water in which part of the hydrogen is replaced by a metallic radicle. Potash, for instance, is the hydrate of the metal potassium. The alkalies are readily soluble in water, restore the blue colour of reddened litmus, and give a green with red cabbage, dahlia, and other vegetable blues, and convert the yellow of turmeric into a brownish red. Most of the bases, however, are insoluble in water, and without any effect on vegetable colours.
Chloral a liquid first prepared by Justus Liebig by passing dry chlorine gas through absolute alcohol to saturation, and still prepared in a similar manner. When mixed with water it readily yields chloral hydrate), a white crystalline substance, which, in contact with alkalies, yields chloroform and formic acid. Chloral kills by paralysing the action of the heart, but is often employed in medicine. It is a hypnotic as well as an anaesthetic, and is frequently substituted for morphia. It has been successfully used in delirium tremens, St Vitus's dance, poisoning by strychnia, in tetanus, and in some cases of asthma and whooping-cough. It should be taken with great caution and under medical advice, as an extra dose may produce serious symptoms and even death. The treatment of poisoning by chloral is to keep the person warm by means of blankets, warm bottles; etc. Warm stimulating drinks should also be administered, such as hot coffee, hot tea, negus, etc. It has been shown that an animal kept warm by wrapping in cotton wool recovered from a dose of chloral that otherwise would have killed it. Research Chloral
Chloral Hydrate is a crystalline compound of the marsh gas series, discovered by Justus Liebig in 1831, which, when taken dissolved in water, produces deep sleep, but not insensibility to pain. Research Chloral Hydrate
Dentl plaster is an unmodified hemi-hydrate gypsum plaster similar to plaster of Paris, but much more finely ground and generally produced from pure gypsum to produce a very good white colour. Dental plaster is generally used for dental surgery, but is also used in the paining and decorating trade. Research Dental Plaster
In chemistry, a hydrate is a compound that has discrete water molecules combined with it. The water is known as water of crystallization and the number of water molecules associated with one molecule of the compound is denoted in both its name and chemical formula. Research Hydrate
Terpineol is a thick liquid produced by the action of dilute acids upon terpine hydrate. It has a smell resembling lilac or hyacinth and is used in perfume and soaps to imitate the smell of these flowers. Research Terpineol
Abbreviations
Research Chloral hydrate
