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127.0.0.1 is the loop back network connection IP address for TCP/IP networks.
 Research 127.0.0.1
Eudora is an email client program for the Windows operating system and also the Mac computer, operating on TCP/ IP networks (such as the Internet).
Research Eudora
In computing, a firewall is a system that is set up to control traffic flow between two networks.
Firewalls are most commonly specially configured Unix systems, but firewalls have also been built out of many other systems, including systems designed specifically for use as firewalls. The most common firewall today is CheckPoint FireWall-1, but competitions such as Cisco's PIX are quickly catching up on CheckPoint. One type of firewall is the packet filtering
firewall. In a packet filtering firewall, the firewall examines five characteristics of a packet: Source IP address Source port Destination IP address Destination port IP protocol (TCP or UDP) Based upon rules configured into the firewall, the packet will either be allowed through, rejected, or dropped. If the firewall rejects the packet, it sends a message back to the sender letting him know that the packet was rejected. If the packet was dropped, the firewall simply does not respond to the packet. The sender must wait for the communications to time out. Dropping packets instead of rejecting them greatly increases the time required to scan your network. Packet filtering
firewalls operate on Layer 3 of the OSI model, the Network Layer.
Routers are a very common form of packet filtering firewall. An improved form of the packet filtering firewall is a packet filtering firewall with a stateful inspection engine. With this enhancement, the firewall 'remembers' conversations between systems. It is then necessary to fully examine only the first packet of a conversation.
Another type of firewall is the application-proxy firewall. In a proxying firewall, every packet is stopped at the firewall. The packet is then examined and compared to the rules configured into the firewall. If the packet passes the examinations, it is re-created and sent out. Because each packet is destroyed and re-created, there is a potential that an application-proxy firewall can prevent unknown attacks based upon weaknesses in the TCP/IP protocol suite that would not be prevented by a packet filtering firewall. The drawback is that a separate application-proxy must be written for each application type being proxied. You need an HTTP proxy for web traffic, an FTP proxy for file transfers, a Gopher proxy for Gopher traffic, etc. Application-proxy firewalls operate on Layer 7 of the OSI model, the Application Layer. Application-gateway firewalls also operate on Layer 7 of the OSI model. Application-gateway firewalls exist for only a few network applications.
A typical application-gateway firewall is a system where you must telnet to one system in order telnet again to a system outside of the network. Another type of application-proxy firewall are SOCKS firewalls. Where normal application-proxy firewalls do not require modifications to network clients, SOCKS firewalls requires specially modified network clients. This means you have to modify every system on your internal network which needs to communicate with the external network. On a Windows or OS/2 system, this can be as easy as swapping a few DLL's.
Research Firewall
Microsoft FrontPage is a collection of computer programs for Web site managers. It includes the
FrontPage Editor which is a WYSIWYG Web page editor, the FrontPage Explorer can show you your site in both hierarchical and graphical views and the FrontPage TCP/IP Test checks your machine for a Winsock layer, IP address, and other items needed to establish a connection to the Internet. It also includes a personal web server and server administration programs.
Research FrontPage
FTP Bounce is a method of hacking or breaking into a computer network and exploits a security hole in many FTP servers that allow the FTP server to open a connection to any computer connected to it via the 'port' command, allowing the client computer access to a computer it would not otherwise be allowed to access. Using this method of attack, a hacker can log into one computer on the internet, and tell that computer (via the FTP port command) to log in to another computer on the internet. The target computer being unaware of the hacker's real computer identity or IP address. The solution, in simple terms, is to use an FTP server that does not allow connections to any computer other than the client, and to use separate computers on the network for FTP servers etc, with 'firewall' protection software between them.
Research FTP Bounce
In computing, a gateway is a link connecting two IP networks.
Research Gateway
Raptor is a firewall that provides real-time securiy for computer networks.
Raptor was the first firewall to be recognised s an IPSec-certified VPN server for Windows NT, and was given a perfect score of five out of five by Secure Computing Magazine. However, Raptor is vulnerable to remote attack itself and can be locked up by being sent an unknown IP option in an IP packet being sent to it.
Research Raptor
Sam Spade is a freeware network query tool used to discover ip addresses, who sent an email, who hosts a web site and lots of other internet information.
Research Sam Spade
Spoof email is email which appears to have originated from one internet computer (IP address) but in fact came from another. It is achieved by Telneting to port 25 of the machine you want the mail to appear to originate from. This will connect you directly to the SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) daemon running on that host. Then, enter SMTP commands by hand directly to the SMTP daemon. On systems that have RFC 931 implemented, spoofing your 'MAIL FROM:' line will not work. Also, newer SMTP daemons, such as smail 3.1.29.1+ or sendmail 8. 7+, perform an identity check when you connect to them, to reduce the possibilities of spoofing.
Research Spoof Email
Traceroute is a computer program for the Unix platform that attempts to trace the route an IP packet would follow to some Internet host. It traces the route by launching UDP probe packets with a small time to live (ttl) and then waiting for an ICMP 'time exceeded' reply from a gateway.
Research Traceroute
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The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
©1993 - 2009 The Probert Encyclopaedia
Southampton, United Kingdom
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