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The biceps femoris (biceps flexor cruris) muscle is included with the hamstring muscle group. The biceps femoris is a large muscle comprised of two heads (two points of attachment to the bone), the long head (caput longum) and the short head (caput breve). The long head originates from the tuberosity of the ischium near the semitendinosus muscle and the short head originates from the linea aspera between the adductor magnus and the vastus lateralis muscles. The two muscles converge to a single tendon and insert in the fibula. This common tendon is located on the outer back corner of the knee and forms the outer hamstring. The long head of the biceps femoris is innervated by the tibial nerve and the short head is innervated by the peroneal nerves. This muscle is supplied by a deep branch of the femoral artery, the profunda femoris. Both heads of the muscle flex the lower leg at the knee joint and rotate the tibia outward. The long head also assists with the extension and outward rotation of the thigh at the hip joint, making it a two-joint muscle, while the short head is a single-joint muscle.
 Research Biceps Femoris
The coccygeus (ischiococcygeus) is a triangular muscle located on each side of the pelvis. It originates from the ischium and inserts in the coccyx and sacrum. It closes the back part of the outlet of the pelvis. The coccygeus muscle is innervated by the third and fourth sacral nerves. This muscle raises and supports the coccyx.
Research Coccygeus
The gemellus inferior is a small muscles of the hip. The gemellus inferior originates from the tuberosity of the ischium and inserts with the gemellus superior. These muscles are innervated by the sacral plexus and supplied by the inferior gluteal artery. They help rotate the thigh.
Research Gemellus Inferior
The gemellus superior is a small muscles of the hip. The gemellus superior originates from the spine of the ischium and insert into the great trochanter of the femur with the tendon of the obturator internus muscle.
Research Gemellus Superior
The iliac fossa is the broad, slightly concave inner surface of each ala, or win, or the ilium. The fossa, along with the pubis and ischium, create a basin in which the lower abdominal organs rest.
Research Iliac Fossa
The ischial tuberosity is a broadening, or eminence, in the frontal portion of the ischium. It marks the point of fusion of the ischium and the pubis.
Research Ischial Tuberosity
The ischiocavernosus originates from the ramus of the ischium and inserts in the corpus cavernosum of the penis. This muscle compresses the crus of the penis, causing penile erection. In females, the muscle originates from the ramus of the ischium and inserts in the clitoris. It is innervated by the perineal nerve.
Research Ischiocavernosus
The ischium is one of the three sections of bone which are fused in the adult to form the pelvis. The ischium bears the weight when sitting, and is attached to the pubis in front and to the ala, or wings, of the ilium laterally and to the back. The large openings in the ischium on either side of the pelvis, just below the pubis, are called the obturator foramina.
Research Ischium
The pelvis creates the basin of the lower abdominal cavity. It is formed by three separate bones which become fused: the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis. The ilium is the broad, wing-like segment which features the wide, slightly concave surfaces of the back and sides of the pelvic girdle. The ischium forms the smaller, lower, portion which bears the weight of the body while sitting. The pubis creates an archway in the front of the basin which allows the urethra, blood vessels, and nerves to pass through the pelvic girdle to the external genitalia and lower body. The pelvis articulates with the sacrum in the back (and thereby connects to the rest of the vertebral column) and to the legs through the ball- and-socket joint formed by the two acetabula of the
pelvis and the head of each femur.
Research Pelvis
The pubis is one of the three pelvic bones which fuse together to form the pelvic girdle. The pubis is located just to the front and below the bladder. In the center of the pubis is the symphysis, which marks a point of fusing of the two sides of the pubis. The pubis features two segments on each side of the symphysis pubis. These two segments are divided at the pubic tubercle. The upper segment is called the superior pubic ramus, and it joins with the ala, or wings, or the ilium. The lower of the two segments is called the inferior pubic ramus and it joins with the ischium of the pelvis.
Research Pubis
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The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
©1993 - 2009 The Probert Encyclopaedia
Southampton, United Kingdom
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Abbreviations
