The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty was a treaty drawn up between the USA and Great Britain in 1850, and named after the negotiators, John M Clayton and Sir H Lytton Bulwer, under the treaty neither power was to obtain exclusive control over any canal across the Central American Isthmus, but all such communications by canal or railway were to be neutral. The treaty was superseded by the 1901 Hay-Pauncefote Treaty. Research Clayton-Bulwer Treaty
After the overthrow of the empire of the first Napoleon, France, Russia, Prussia and Austria formed an alliance for preserving the balance of power and suppressing revolutions within each other's dominions. The Spanish colonies in America having revolted, it was rumoured that this alliance contemplated their reduction, although the United States recognized their independence. George Canning, the English Secretary of State, proposed that the United States join England in the prevention. of such suppression.
After consulting with Jefferson, Madison, John Quincy Adams and Calhoun, President James Monroe embodied in his annual message to Congress in 1823 a clause which has since become celebrated as the 'Monroe Doctrine'. Referring to the proposed intervention of the allied powers the message stated that America 'should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety'; and again, 'that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers'. The doctrine thus set forth has been maintained by the United States on many subsequent occasions, notably in matters relating to the Isthmus of Panama and in the case of the French intervention in Mexico under Maximilian. Research Monroe Doctrine
Buccaneer was a name derived from the Carib boucan, a place for smoking meat, first given to European settlers in Haiti or Hispaniola, whose business was to hunt wild cattle and swine and smoke their flesh. In an extended sense the name was applied to English and French adventurers, mostly seafaring people, who, combining for mutual defence against the arrogant pretensions of the Spaniards to the dominion of the whole of America, frequented the West Indies in the 17th century, acquired predatory and lawless habits, and became ultimately, in many cases, little better than pirates.
The earliest association of these adventurers began about 1625, but they afterwards became much more formidable, and continued to be a terror until the opening of the 18th century, inflicting heavy losses upon the shipping trade of Spain, and even attacking large towns. Among their chief leaders were Montbars (Il exterminador), Peter the Great of Dieppe, L'Olonnas, de Busco, Van Horn, and the WelshmanHenry Morgan, who, in 1670, marched across the isthmus, plundered Panama, and after being knighted by Charles II, became deputy-governor of Jamaica. The last great exploit of the buccaneers was the capture of Carthagena in 1697, after which they are lost sight of in the annals of vulgar piracy. Research Buccaneer
Samuel de Champlain was a French navigator. He was born in 1567 and died in 1635. In 1599 he sailed in the 'St Julien' for the West Indies, and returned by way of the Isthmus of Panama, across which he conceived the plan of a ship-canal. In 1603 and 1604 in two voyages, he explored the St Lawrence River. Between 1604 and 1606 he explored and mapped the coast of America as far as Cape Cod. On his next voyage he founded Quebec in 1608. In 1609 he joined the Montagnais against the Iroquois. They ascended the Sorel River and entered the lake to which he gave his own name. Research Samuel de Champlain
Vasco Nunez De Balboa was one of the early Spanish adventurers in the New World. He was born in 1475 and died in 1517. Having dissipated his fortune, he went to America, and was at Darien with the expedition of Francisco de Enciso in 1510. An insurrection placed him at the head of the colony, but rumours of a western ocean and of the wealth of Peru led him to cross the isthmus. On September the 25th 1513, he saw for the first time the Pacific, and after annexing it to Spain, and acquiring information about Peru, returned to Parien. Here he found himself supplanted by a aew governor, Pedrarias Davila, with much consequent grievance on the one side, and much jealousy on the other. Balboa submitted, however, and in the following year was appointed viceroy of the South Sea. Davila was apparently reconciled to him, and gave him his daughter in marriage, but shortly after, in 1517, had him beheaded on a charge of intent to rebel. Pizarro, who afterwards completed the discovery of Peru, served under Balboa. Research Vasco Nunez De Balboa
Sir William Henry L E Bulwer was a British politician. He was born in 1801 and died in 1872. he was Minister to the USA from 1849 until 1852. He negotiated with Senator John M Clayton the Clayton-Bulwer treaty which related to the establishment of a canal through the Isthmus of Panama joining the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean. Research William Bulwer
In Greek mythology, Phaea was the Crommyonium Sow a wild pig said to have been the offspring of Echidna and Typhon. It ravaged the town of Crommyon on the Isthmus of Corinth until it was destroyed by Theseus. Research Phaea
The pyramidal lobe, when it is present, has a conical shape and extends above the isthmus, or middle portion which connects the two lobes of the thyroidgland. The pyramidal lobe may also extend from the left lobe, and on a rare occasion from the right lobe. The pyramidal lobe varies in size from person to person and can ascend as high as the hyoid bone. Research Pyramidal Lobe
The thyroid is an endocrine gland near the larynx in vertebrates. It influences growth and development. The thyroid gland in human beings is a brownish-red organ having two lobes connected by an isthmus; it normally weighs about 28 g and consists of cuboidal epithelial cells arranged to form small sacs known as vesicles or follicles. The vesicles are supported by connective tissue that forms a framework for the entiregland. In the normal thyroid gland, the vesicles are usually filled with a colloid substance containing the protein thyroglobulin in combination with the two thyroid hormones thyroxine, also called tetraiodothyronine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones are composed of the amino acid tyrosine, containing four and three iodine atoms, respectively.
The amount of thyroglobulin secreted by the thyroid is controlled by the thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH) of the pituitary gland. Pituitary TSH, in turn, is regulated by a substance called thyroid-stimulating hormone releasing factor (TRF), which is secreted by the hypothalamus. Thyroglobulin is especially rich in iodine. Although the thyroid gland constitutes about 0.5 percent of the total human body weight, it holds about 25 percent of the total iodine in the body, which is obtained from food and water in the diet. Iodine usually circulates in the blood as an inorganic iodide and is concentrated in the thyroid to as much as 500 times the iodide level of the blood. Research Thyroid More information about Thyroid
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