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Anaesthetics are medical agents employed for the removal of pain, especially in surgical operations, by suspending sensibility either locally or generally. Various agents have been employed for both of these purposes from the earliest times, but the scientific use of anaesthetics may be said to date from 1800, when Sir Humphry Davy made experiments on the anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide, and recommended its use in surgery.
In 1818 Faraday established the anaesthetic properties of sulphuric ether, but this agent made no advance beyond the region of experiment, until 1844, when Dr. Wells, a dentist of Hartford, Connecticut, applied the inhalation of sulphuric ether in the extraction of teeth, but owing to some misadventure did not persevere with it. The example was followed in 1846 by Dr. Morton, a Boston dentist, who also extended the use of ether to other surgical operations. The practice was soon after introduced into England by Mr. Listen, and a London dentist, Mr. Robinson. A few weeks later Sir James Simpson made the first application of ether in a case of midwifery. This was early in 1847. Towards the end of the same year Simpson had his attention called to the anaesthetic efficacy of chloroform, and announced it as a superior agent to ether. This agent was at the start of the 20th century the most extensively used anaesthetic, though the use of ether still largely prevailed in the United States. In their general effects ether and chloroform are very similar; but the latter tends to enfeeble the action of the heart more readily than the former. For this reason great caution has to be used in administering chloroform where there is weak heart action from disease. Local anaesthesia is produced by isolating the part of the body to be operated upon, and producing insensibility of the nerves in that locality. Dr. Richardson's method was to apply the spray of ether, which, by its rapid evaporation, chills and freezes the tissues and produces complete anaesthesia. This mode of treatment, besides its use in minor surgical operations, has recently begun to have important remedial applications. Around 1905 a new valuable local anaesthetic, cocaine was introduced which is now the prevalent local anaesthetic in use.
In 1933 the first barbiturate general anaesthetic was used, hexobarbitone, other barbiturates are now used, most commonly thiopentone and also propofol and ketamine which have effects lasting a shorter period of time and less of a hangover effect on the patient. Chloroform and ether not being used since the introduction of barbiturates due to the reduction of complications, though barbiturates are still dangerous and premedication is widely used with them.
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Ketamine (xylazine or Ketalar) is an injected dissociative anesthetic and central nervous system stimulant used for superficial operative procedures, particularly with children and the relief of cancer pain and reduction of preoperative anxiety.
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Bump is slang for remove someone surreptitiously from a waiting list.
Bump is slang for ketamine.
Bump is slang for murder.
Bump is dancing slang for a forward thrust of the abdomen.
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Cat Valium is slang for ketamine.
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Green is slang for an unsophisticated, naïve person.
Green is slang for cannabis.
Green is slang for phencyclidine.
Green is slang for ketamine.
Green is slang for money.
Green is slang for sexual intercourse.
Green is slang for to swindle, to hoax.
Green is American slang for a bottle of beer.
Green is American slang for utterly.
Honey Oil is slang for ketamine.
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Jay Purple is slang for ketamine.
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Jet is slang for ketamine.
K-hole is slang for ketamine.
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K is slang for one thousand.
K is slang for Ketamine.
K is slang for a kilogram of any illicit drugs.
K is slang for a homosexual.
K is British slang for a knighthood.
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The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
©1993 - 2009 The Probert Encyclopaedia
Southampton, United Kingdom
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Abbreviations
