George Sand was the nom de plume of Armandine Lucile Aurore Dudevant, a French writer. She was born in 1804 in Paris and died in 1876. She was the daughter of Maurice Dupin, an officer of the republican army, who was descended from a natural daughter of Marshal Saxe. Until the age of fourteen she was brought up at the Chateau of Nohant, near La Chatre (department of Indre), mostly under the care of her grandmother, afterwards spending nearly three years in an Augustinian convent in Paris.
In 1822 she married Baron Dudevant, to whom she bore a son and a daughter; but in 1831 separated from him, and took up her residence in Paris. In conjunction with Jules Sandeau, a young lawyer, she wrote Rose et Blanche, which was published in 1831, with the pseudonym Jules Sand. The reception it met with afforded her an opportunity of publishing a novel solely by herself - Indiana, under the name of George Sand, which she ever after retained. Indiana had a brilliant success, but excited much criticism by its extreme views on social questions. This was also the case with many others of her works. Valentine, Lelia, Jacques, Andre, Leone Leoni, Simon, Mauprat, La Derniere Aldini, Lavinia, Metella, and others, appeared within the first few years after her debut.
She visited Italy with Alfred de Musset; and lived eight years with Frederic-Francois Chopin, the composer. These relations also influenced or occasioned some of her works (as Elle et Lui, 1858). In 1836 she obtained a judicial separation from her husband, with the care of her children. She took an active interest in the revolution of 1848, and contributed considerably to newspaper and other political literature. In 1854 she published Histoire de Ma Vie, a psychological autobiography.
Among her later novels are: La Mareau Diable; Francois le Champi; La Petite Fadette; Jean; Teverino; La Filleule; Lea Maltres Sonneurs; L'Homme de Neige; Pierrequi Roule; Monsieur de Sylvestre. Her published works consist of upwards of sixty separate novels, a large number of plays, and numerous articles in literary journals. Research George Sand
Henry Carey was an English composer, dramatist, and poet. He was born in 1696 at London and died in 1743. He was a natural son of George Saville, the Marquis of Halifax. He composed the words and music of many popular songs, including Sally in Our Alley, God Save the King, etc. He also wrote farces and other works. He is said to have committed suicide.
Henry Charles Carey was an American political economist. He was born in 1793 and died in 1879. The eldest son of Matthew Carey, in 1821 he established the firm of Carey & Lea, which became the leading publishing house in the country. He withdrew in 1835 and devoted himself to political economy, on which subject the most important of his writings have been translated into other languages.
In 1836 he published an essay on the Rate of Wages, which he afterwards expanded into Principles of Political Economy. His other important works are The Credit System, The Past, the Present, and the Future, The Principles of Social Science, etc. Originally a freetrader he became an advocate for protection; held that the growth of population was self-regulating; and was opposed to the theories of Ricardo and others on the law of diminished returns from the soil and on rent. He was also opposed to any arrangement on the subject of international copyright. He viewed free trade as the ideal, and protection as the means of attaining it. Research Henry Carey
Jean Francois Casimir Delavigne was a French poet and dramatist. He was born in 1793 at Havre and died in 1843. At the restoration he published a set of elegies, entitled Les Messeniennes, which deplored the faded glories of France. He produced in 1819 his tragedy of Les Vepres Siciliennes; Lea Comediens appeared in 1820, and the tragedy of Le Paria in 1821. Of his other plays which followed these may be mentioned: L'Ecole des Vieillards; Marino Faliero; and the dramas of Louis XI - founded on Cornmines' Memoirs and Quentin Durward - and Don Juan d'Autriche. His hymn's La Parisienne and La Varsovienne, and the ballad La Toilette de Constance, are among his more popular poetical pieces. He died a member of the Academy. Research Jean Delavigne
Sidney Herbert (LordHerbert of Lea) was an English statesman. He was born in 1810 and died in 1861. The son of the eleventh Earl of Pembroke, he was educated at Harrow and Oxford, and was Conservative member of parliament for South Wiltshire from 1832 until shortly before his death. He was secretary to the admiralty under Peel in 1841, and in 1845 was made secretary for war, but became a convert to free-trade, and left office with Peel in 1846. In 1852 he became war secretary in the Aberdeen cabinet, and retained it until the dissolution of the ministry in 1855. For a short time he was colonial secretary under Palmerston, and in 1859 became once more secretary for war. Early in 1861 he was transferred to the House of Lords. Research Sidney Herbert
Richard Carlson was an American writer, actor and film director. He was born in 1912 at Albert Lea, Minnesota and died in 1977 of a cerebral hemorrhage. He starred in the 1954 film 'The Creature From The Black Lagoon'. Research Richard Carlson
Lea Thompson is an American actress, film director, film producer and composer. She was born in 1961 at Rochester, Minnesota. She starred as 'Beverly Switzler' in the 1986 film 'Howard The Duck', for which she also composed some of the music. Research Lea Thompson
The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
Abbreviations
Research George Sand
