Carbonari was the name of an Italian political secret society, which appears to have been formed by the Neapolitan republicans during the reign of Joachim (Murat), and had for its object the expulsion of the strangers and the establishment of a democratic government. The ritual of the Carbonari was taken from the trade of the charcoal-burner. A lodge was baracca (a hut); a meeting was vendita (a sale); an important meeting alta vendita.
There were four grades in the society; and the ceremonies of initiation were characterized by many mysticrites. The language of religion was much used to express their purposes. Christ was the lamb torn by the wolf and whom they were sworn to avenge. Clearing the wood of wolves (opposition to tyranny) became the symbolic expression of their aim. By this they are said to have meant at first only deliverance from foreign dominion; but in later times democratical and antimonarchical principles sprang up, which were discussed chiefly among the higher degrees. The order, soon after its foundation, contained from 24,000 to 30,000 members, and increased so rapidly that it spread through all Italy. In 1820, in the month of March alone, about 650,000 new members are said to have been admitted.
After the suppression of the Neapolitan and Piedmontese revolution in 1821, the Carbonari, throughout Italy, were declared guilty of high treason, and punished as such by the laws. Meantime societies of a similar kind had been formed in France, with which the Italian Carbonari amalgamated; and Paris became the head-quarters of Carbonarism. The organization took on more of a French character, and gradually alienated the sympathies of the Italian members, a number of whom dissolved connection with it, in order to form the party of 'Young Italy.' Research Carbonari
Vellum (named from the old French Velin whih derives from the Latin vitulinus meaning of a calf) is a type of superior parchment made from the skin of a calf, kid or lamb, and given a smooth finish. The once celebrated Strasbourg vellum was prepared with remarkably fine pumice stones. Vellum, known since earliest times as a material for manuscripts and books, is now rarely used, though it was used for bookbinding during the late 19th century. Research Vellum
Coopworth are a breed of sheep imported to Australia in 1976, after being developed in New Zealand in the 1950s from a cross of Border Leicester and Romney. Coopworths have been selected on visual criteria, wool quality, frame and carcass attributes, and measured performance, including fertility and lamb survival, growth rate to weaning, growth rate to yearling stage, leanness, growth and fleece production of 30-35 micron wool. This selection program has produced an efficient, dual-purpose sheep ideally suited to most environments in Australia. It is easy to care for and produces high milk yields for lamb production. Coopworths are performing well in Australia from the hot country of Riverina of New South Wales and Western Australia, to the wet, cold country of Victoria and Tasmania. Research Coopworth
The Dorset Horn is a British breed of domestic sheep renowned for their unique ability to lamb naturally at any time of the year. The Dorset Horn evolved from cross breeding of Spanish sheep with the native English stock during the 16th century producing the Portland, and the modern breed evolved in 1707 from crossing the Potland with the Southdown to produce the Dorset Horn. The
Dorset Horn is bred for meat and wool, producing lean meat with a low proportion of bone in fast growing lambs and high quality fleeces. The Dorset Horn is a large sheep, white in colour with a tan-coloured face. The horns are long, curving downward in a circular pattern and then upwards, creating almost a full circle. In the USA Polled or hornless strains of the Dorset Horn were developed by North Carolina State University in the early 1950's and in the USA these have gradually been replacing the horned varieties. Research Dorset Horn
The Elliottdale is a carpet-wool breed of sheep which was developed at the Elliott Research Station in Tasmania. Development of the breed commenced in 1963 when the CSIRO made available a ram which was the progeny of a New Zealand Drysdale ram and a Merino/Border Leicester cross ewe. It was later discovered that this ram did not possess the gene for carpet-wool characteristics and work continued based on locating sheep with the carpet- wool gene in the TasmanianRomney flocks. This was achieved in 1968. Development of the breed continued using a base flock of pure Romneyewes, many showing some carpet-wool characteristics. By 1972 it was considered that top selected rams were breed true and that the breed had become fixed in type. The Elliottdale is similar to the Romney, with cleaner points and a carpet-wool fleece of 38-40 microndiameter. Rams may be horned or polled but ewes are always polled. The breed also has many prime lamb features, producing quick growing lambs of excellent quality. Research Elliottdale
The Jezerskosolflorinavska is a breed of sheep that resulted from the crossbreeding of native white sheep with the Bergamascasheep and with the Padova sheep. It resembles the Austrian Bergschaf that has a similar origin. The breed got its name after the breeding centres of Jezersko and Solflorinava. Its head has a convex profile and hanging ears. Its legs are long and strong. This breed is very convenient for lamb production in the Alpine and Pre-Alpine region. It used to be reared in farms in combination with cattle. From June to September the sheep grazed in the mountains and mountainous pastures while in spring and autumn they grazed in farms together with cattle. Since 1980 Jezersko-Solflorinavska sheep has been crossed by Romanovska sheep, hence number of pure breed animals has been decreased quickly. Therefore, a special program on preservation the pure breed has been started in 1991. It is financed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Bovska sheep and Istrian Pramenka are also included in the preservation program. Research Jezerskosolcavska
The Tong is a breed of sheep originating from the Mongolian breed. It is a white, polled breed located in the high plains of northern Shaaxi Province in China. The beautiful curls of the lamb pelt look like pearls, and a coat- lining made from it provides warmth with light weight. The Tong sheep have a type of coarse wool commonly called 'carpet wool'. They are adapted to the unfavourable local environmental conditions of the North and NorthwestPastoral Grasslands. They have the ability to deposit fat in the tail (fat- tail sheep). Research Tong Sheep
Alfred Ainger was a British clergyman and writer. He was born in 1837 and died in 1904. He was educated at King's College, London, and Trinity Hall, Cambridge, took orders after gaining his degree, and in 1866 was appointed reader of the Temple Church, London, being appointed Master of the Temple in 1893, while holding also a canonry in BristolCathedral, to which he had been appointed in 1887. He was highly successful as a preacher, but is chiefly known by his literary labours, especially those connected with Lamb and Hood, both of whose works he edited. The volumes on Lamb and on Crabbe in the English Men of Letters series are from his pen, and he wrote a memoir of Hood for his edition of the works. Research Alfred Ainger
Abbreviations
Research Carbonari 
