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Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov was a Russian politician and soldier. He was born in 1881 near Dneppropetrovsk, Ukraine and died in 1969. In 1903 he joined the Bolshevik movement, leading to his exile in Siberia. He returned to Russia and fought in the Great War and the revolution of 1917, and in 1935 was appointed Marshall of the Soviet Union. In 1925 he was appointed Commissar for Defence, a post he held until 1940 when he became commander-inchief of the Russian Northern Army, leading the legendary defence of Leningrad at which he urged the people to 'take up your arms and defend the city at all costs'. Upon the death of Stalin in 1953 he became President of the Soviet Union, apost he held until 1960.
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Vladimir Horowitz was a Russian-born American concert pianist. He was born in 1903 at Berdichev, and died in 1989. He trained at the conservatory at Kiev, and became an accomplished pianist but preferred composing his own music to performing. After his family lost most of its possessions in the Russian Revolution, he began giving piano recitals in exchange for food and clothing. His success as a pianist in the new Soviet Union was assured by a series of 23 recitals in Leningrad in 1924. In these he performed a total of more than 200 works. In 1925 he went on a concert tour of Europe and made his American debut in 1928. In 1933 he married the daughter of conductor Arturo Toscanini. Seven years later, after the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe, they settled in the USA and in 1944 he became an American citizen. He was awarded the Medal of Freedom in 1986.
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Operation Barbarossa was the German code name for the plan to invade the USSR during the Second World War. It was launched on the 22nd of June 1941. The plan was initially successful but by the end of 1941, the German advance had stalled. Large sections of the USSR, particularly the Ukraine, remained in German hands until 1944 and fighting continued elsewhere until then, notably the sieges of Leningrad and Stalingrad.
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LSRRTI is an abbreviation for Leningrad Scientific Research Radio Technical Institute
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Leningrad SC is a Russian ice skating club. It was formed as the St Petersburg SC by British residents in 1864 and staged the first world ice figure-skating championships in 1866.
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Preference is one of the most widespread card games among serious card players in Russia. There are four main varieties: Sochi Preference, Leningrad Preference, Classic Preference and Rostov (or Moscow) Preference, and many smaller variations within these.
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The Arkhangelsk was a Russian Leningrad Class destroyer of 2900 tons displacement launched in 1937 and later renamed the Baku. The Arkhangelsk was powered by 3-drum type oil-burning boilers providing a top speed of 36 knots. She was armed with five 5.1 inch guns; two 3 inch anti-aircraft guns; two 37 mm anti-aircraft guns; four depth charge throwers and six 21 inch torpedo tubes arranged in two triples.
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The Kharkov was a Russian leningrad Class destroyer of 2900 tons displacement launched in 1937. The Kharkov was powered by 3-drum type oil-burning boilers providing a top speed of 36 knots. She was armed with five 5.1 inch guns; two 3 inch anti-aircraft guns; two 37 mm anti-aircraft guns; four depth charge throwers and six 21 inch torpedo tubes arranged in two triples.
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The Kiev was a Russian leningrad Class destroyer of 2900 tons displacement launched in 1938. The Kiev was powered by 3-drum type oil-burning boilers providing a top speed of 36 knots. She was armed with five 5.1 inch guns; two 3 inch anti-aircraft guns; two 37 mm anti-aircraft guns; four depth charge throwers and six 21 inch torpedo tubes arranged in two triples.
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The Kronstadt was a Russian leningrad Class destroyer of 2900 tons displacement launched in 1937. The Kronstadt was powered by 3-drum type oil-burning boilers providing a top speed of 36 knots. She was armed with five 5.1 inch guns; two 3 inch anti-aircraft guns; two 37 mm anti-aircraft guns; four depth charge throwers and six 21 inch torpedo tubes arranged in two triples.
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The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
©1993 - 2009 The Probert Encyclopaedia
Southampton, United Kingdom
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