Research Results For 'Loop'

LAKES

Lakes are accumulations of water in hollows on the earth's surface. When they are drained by rivers their waters are fresh, but when they have no outlet they are salty, e.g. the Dead Sea, Sea of Aral, etc.
Lakes may owe their origin to:

1. The formation of a barrier across a river.


2. Earth movements.


3. Ice erosion.


4. Volcanic action.

The nehrungs of East Prussia are sand-spits which enclose the shallow salt-water lagoons or halls, such as Kurische Haff. Earth movements cause lake formation when subsidence occurs. This is most easily seen in rift valleys. Examples of rift valley lakes are the Dead Sea, Lakes Nyasa and Tanganyika in Africa, and Lake Torrens in Australia. These are all long, narrow, and very deep lakes.
In Cheshire, the removal of underground beds of salt has caused subsidence resulting in the 'meres' of the Weaver Valley. The 'folding' of the earth across the line of a river valley may partially block a river and help to form a lake. The study of a good physical map will reveal the connection between mountain building and the formation of Lake Geneva and Lake Constance in Switzerland. Where there are large areas of depressed lowland wide and shallow lakes are formed in the lowest part of the depression, for example the Sea of Aral in Asiatic Russia, Lake Balaton in Hungary, and Lake Eyre in Australia. Ice sheets and valley glaciers may scoop out hollows to form 'rock basins'. Mountain tarns and corrie lakes in North Wales and Scotland have been formed in this way. Water also accumulates in the hollows of unevenly- distributed glacial drift. Such are the lakes of East Prussia, and also those of the Cheshire-Shropshire borders near Ellesmere. Subsidence of the land surface and consequent lake formation may be directly related to volcanic action. Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is a shallow lake formed by subsidence of this type. Lakes are often formed by the accumulation of water in the craters of extinct volcanoes, for example the Laachersee in the Eifel region of Germany.
Research Lakes

NOOSE

A noose is a loop with a running knot which tightens as the string is pulled.
Research Noose

WILTSHIRE HORN

The Wiltshire horn is an ancient British breed of sheep from the Chalk Downs region of England. Reaching large numbers during the 17th and 18th centuries, they became almost extinct by the beginning of the 20th. Wiltshire Horn Sheep were exported to Australia in the 1950's and again in the 1970's. Both rams and ewes are horned. Ewes have a fairly short backward curving horn. Rams horns make a spiral loop each year till they're fully mature, getting thicker and more impressive each year. Occasionally these horns grow too snugly to the rather massive adult jaw and must be cut off. Both sexes are white, with occasional dime-sized black spots in the undercoat. They grow a heavy coat of coarse hair for the winter, shedding and rubbing it off as warm weather arrives leaving a short coat of straight hair for summer. The mature ram wears a most handsome 'cape' on his chest. Spring shedding starts at the head, going down the back and then the sides.
Research Wiltshire Horn

COLOSTOMY

Colostomy is the operation of opening into the colon, or lower portion of the intestine. This procedure is one of the most important in abdominal surgery. It is sometimes necessary as a life- saving measure. It may be temporary or permanent as an artificial anus in the radical treatment of rectal cancer. Because of its appearance, its inconvenience and the very thought of an artificial opening in the abdominal wall a great deal of care is necessary to allay the anxieties of patients and their relatives when colostomy is necessary.

In some cases of acute intestinal obstruction the surgeon explores the abdomen and finds perhaps a large mass in the region of the pelvic colon or rectum that cannot be removed. An emergency colostomy is then performed in the transverse colon with the immediate purpose of saving life and with the further objective of providing temporary drainage should the growth be removable at a later date. In some such cases, when at first sight the primary cause of the obstruction seems beyond any possibility of surgical removal, after several weeks of colostomy drainage the infection subsides and the affected portion of bowel may then be removed. Colostomy may be necessary as a preliminary to other operations involving removal of the large bowel. Such an occasion arises if diverticulitis has produced vesico-colic fistula (between the colon and bladder). In some cases of severe incontinence due to abnormality or injury to the anus, a left iliac colostomy enables the patient to be free of the terrible inconvenience of perpetual soiling in the perineum. Injuries or abnormalities of the spinal cord produce paralysis of the anal sphincter mechanism and sometimes colostomy is essential. Congenital absence of the rectum or anus requires an emergency colostomy within a day or so of birth.

There are two main forms of colostomy. First is the loop colostomy which has two limbs. The opening is at the apex of the loop and the bowel has not been divided completely across. A variation of the loop colostomy is the double- barrel form in which the two limbs of the loop are separated by a piece of skinrafter complete division. This is also described as a defunctioning colostomy as it prevents the spill of faeces from the proximal to the distal loop. A second variety is the spur colostomy where a spur is formed by suturing the two ends together for several centimeters inside the abdomen. This is of particular value if the colostomy is temporary as the spur can be destroyed by a crushing clamp without risk of peritonitis or perforation since the limbs have become sealed together. When the spur breaks down, the artificial opening on the surface shrinks and sinks back below the skin level. The aim is that this should close spontaneously without further operation. The third type is the terminal colostomy in which the distal portion of bowel is removed completely or in the case of excision of rectum the lower end is closed to form a blind end. In grave emergencies the simplest form of colostomy is performed in which a loop of colon is brought out through the abdominal wall, where it is held by the insertion of a glass rod passed through a small hole in the mesentery. The ends of the glass rod are connected by a loop of rubber tubing which forms a 'bucket handle' . The abdominal wall is closed around the protrusion of the colostomy. Exteriorisation is another way of performing a colostomy. If a growth is present in a part of the bowel which can be brought readily through the abdominal wall (e.g. transverse or pelvic colon) the affected loop containing the growth is left outside and the peritoneum, muscles and skin are closed around the base of the loop where the two limbs converge. The loop of colon containing the growth is then removed, leaving two open ends of
el which can later be joined by crushing the spur between them. This operation avoids the handling of growth or unprepared bowel while the peritoneal cavity is open and so diminishes the risk of peritonitis. A formal operation for closure is required if a spur has not been made.

At the end of the operation a small incision is usually made in the apex of the loop to allow the immediate discharge of gas and faecal material which is collected as cleanly as possible before the patient leaves the theatre. A dressing of petroleum jelly gauze or tulle gras is applied on the exposed bowel. The skin incision may be sealed with Whitehead's varnish and a pad of cellulose tissue and wool is bandaged lightly over the opening. For fear of contaminating the abdominal wound before the peritoneal cavity has become sealed, the former practice was to leave the colostomy unopened for 48 hours. The initial opening may be enlarged by the surgeon two or three days after the colostomy has been raised. The bowel is usually divided (without anaesthetic) by an electric cautery which seals the blood vessels and prevents bleeding from the very vascular mucous membrane and muscle wall of the bowel. A method of draining the colostomy is by the use of Paul's tube. This is an angled wide glass tube which is inserted through a hole in the colostomy loop. It is tied in position in the same way as the caecostomy catheter and connected to a bedside jar with wide, thin, latex tubing.
Research Colostomy

CONVOLUTED TUBULE

The convoluted tubules of the kidney are responsible for collecting waste liquid after it passes through the opening in the Bowman's capsule, and passing it through the loop of Heinle and into the distal convoluted tubule.
Research Convoluted Tubule

GASTRO-ENTEROSTOMY

Gastro-enterostomy is an operation in which the duodenum is short-circuited by a loop of small intestine being joined directly to the lower border of the stomach. It is performed for three distinct reasons: (a) pyloric obstruction or duodenal stenosis due to some congenital deformity. (b) pyloric obstruction due to scarring following duodenal or gastric ulceration. (Partial gastrectomy is usually preferable but not always necessary). (c) pyloric obstruction due to carcinoma as a purely palliative measure when the primary tumour cannot be removed.
Research Gastro-Enterostomy

LIMB OF HENLE

The loop of Henle is a U-turn in the tubule responsible for carrying urine out of the nephron and into the calyces. It is bordered by the proximal and distal segments of the convoluted tubule and features both the ascending and descending limb flanking the U-turn.
Research Limb of Henle

NEPHRON

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, responsible for the actual purification and filtration of the blood. About one million nephrons are in the cortex of each kidney, and each one consists of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule which carry out the functions of the nephron. The renal tubule consists of the convoluted tubule and the loop of Heinle.
Research Nephron

BATTLES OF KUT

The first battle of Kut was fought between the British and the Turks, from September the 26th until the 28th, 1915 during the Great War. After Townshend had taken Amara, Nixon decided to seize Kut, where the Turks had concentrated, and whence, by way of the Shatt-el-Hai, they could send an outflanking force to Nasrieh, on the Euphrates, which had been occupied by General Gorringe, on July the 25th.

Townshend began his advance on August the 1st, supported by the naval flotilla, his troops proceeded up the banks of the Tigris, and on September the 15th reached a point 15 miles below Kut. Having spent ten days in reconnoitring with cavalry and aeroplanes, he moved forward on September the 26th to within four miles of the Turkish position, which was exceedingly strong, and was defended by 8,000 regulars and a large number of Arabs. Next day his troops advanced on both sides of the Tigris, his main force being on its southern bank.

On the north bank the British pushed forward to within two miles of the Turks and entrenched, Townshend's dispositions led the enemy to expect that the chief assault would be on the south, but during the night he swung most of his main force to the north. In the morning, September the 28th, while demonstrations were made on the south the British, in three columns, commanded by Generals Fry on the left, Delamain in the centre, and Hoghton on the right, attacked on the north. Fry pinned the force in front of him, Delamain made a successful frontal assault and also struck at the flank of the enemy, and Hoghton, moving wide, got in rear and routed the Turkish reserves.

These operations resulted in a complete victory, and only the fall of night saved the Turks from absolute disaster. During the darkness they retreated, having lost 4,000 men, of whom more than 1,100 were prisoners, and 17 guns. The British loss was 1,233.

After his failure at Ctesiphon, on November the 22nd, 1915, Townshend retreated to Kut, reaching it on December the 3rd, and prepared for a siege by sending his cavalry by road towards Amara, and his sick and wounded, as well as his prisoners, by water to Basra. He fortified the U-shaped bend of the Tigris in which Kut stood. For some days from December the 8th the Turks bombarded the town, and also made several assaults, one of particular severity on December the 23rd to 24th; but the British repulsed them all. Then the enemy, hoping to reduce the place by starvation, invested Kut completely.

Meanwhile a relief expedition was organized under Aylmer and concentrated at Ali-el-Gherbi, to which Townshend's cavalry had withdrawn from Kut. On January the 4th, 1916, Younghusband advanced to Sheikh Saad, where three days later Aylmer, with the rest of the force, joined him and ordered an attack. South of the river the British carried the enemy trenches, but a turning movement on the north did not succeed. Aylmer again attacked in force on January the 9th, and the Turks retreated to the position known as the Wady, ten miles upstream. The fighting was severe, the British casualties being upwards of 4,000. On January the 13th, Aylmer, whose movements were retarded by the rains, attacked the Turks at the Wady, took some of their trenches, and caused them to withdraw to Umm-el-Hanna, which he assaulted on January the 21st, but failed to take, rains and the muddy ground being greatly against him. His losses were 2,741.

Word now came from Townshend that by rationing his men he could hold out for 84 days, and Aylmer postponed a further advance, pending reinforcements and supplies, especially medical. But he was in little better case when, finding the Turks were growing in strength, he resolved to attack again.
On March the 7th he tried to surprise the enemy by a flank movement south of the Tigris, towards the Shatt-el-Hai. The troops made a wonderful night march, and part were in position close to the Dujaila redoubt at daybreak; but others were not ready, and when the assault was made, three hours later, it failed because the Turks had had time to prepare for it.

On March the 12th Aylmer was replaced by Gorringe, who, reinforced, made a fresh advance on April the 5th. On account of floods, which made flank moves impossible, Gorringe assaulted frontally, took three out of the six positions in front of Kut during the day, and captured the fourth in the evening, after dark. But next day he was checked at Sanna-i-yat, the fifth position, and a second assault on April the 8th and 9th had no better result. On April the 12th to the 17th an attempt was made south of the river on the Turkish position at Beit Aiessa, which was taken; but later had to be given up. On April the 22nd a great effort was made once more at Sanna-i-yat, but failed, with a loss of 1,300 men. Kut was doomed, and on April the 29th Townshend, after a siege of 143 days, surrendered with 9,000 men, 6,000 of whom were Indian troops. In the course of the attempts to relieve him the British loss was upwards of 20,000 men. Townshend surrendered Kut, on April the 29th, 1916, and in December 1916, operations were begun for its recapture.

The British then occupied an entrenched position opposite the Turkish lines at Sanna-i-Yat on the north side of the Tigris, and on its southern bank had pushed on, in the course of the autumn, to within seven miles of Kut, a railway. having been constructed from Sheikh Saad for their forces in that sector. In August General Maude became commander-in-chief in place of General Lake. The Mesopotamia Expedition was largely reinforced, and transport, which had been its great weakness, vastly improved. Railways were built, and large numbers of suitable vessels put on the Tigris.

It was at the head of an adequate and well-equipped army that Maude, on December the 13th, concentrated a force on the south side of the Tigris, about seven miles from Kut, with General Marshall in local command, while another force, under General Cobbe, held the enemy on the north bank. On December the 14th Marshall crossed the Shatt-el-Hai near Atab, six miles. south of Kut, and reached a point near the Shumran bend of the Tigris.

During the next few weeks Cobbe demonstrated at Sanna-i-Yat, and Marshall attacked the Turkish positions on the southern bank, his work, however, being retarded by rains. On January the 18th and 19th, 1917, after a stiff fight, the enemy was driven out of the Khadairi Bend, with heavy losses.

What was known as the Hai salient was reduced on February the 5th. Next day the Dahra Bend positions beyond the Hai were assaulted and captured, on February the 16th. On the next day Cobbe attacked at Sanna-i-Yat, but was unsuccessful. Maude had planned to cross the river at the Shumran Bend, the loop next beyond the Dahra Bend.

On February the 22nd Cobbe again attacked the strong positions at Sanna-i-Yat, and captured the first two lines of trenches. After feints at other points, Maude crossed the Tigris at the southern end of the Shumran Bend on the night of February the 22nd, and while the crossing was proceeding Cobbe took the third and fourth lines at Sanna-i-Yat. The whole position was in his hands on February the 23rd, when he marched on to Kut, which passed into the possession of the British once more, while the Turks retreated with all speed towards Baghela. 24 miles up the river.
Research Battles of Kut

BATTLE OF CORINTH

The Battle of Corinth in Mississippi occurred during the American Civil War. The town was fortified and occupied by General Gustave Beauregard, commanding 53,000 effective Confederate troops, and was captured on May the 30th 1862, by Generals Halleck and Pope, leading an army of over 100,000 Federals, after some twelve days spent in skirmish, siege and bombardment. Gustave Beauregard's lieutenants were Van Dorn and Price. Corinth was but weakly fortified, but this fact was unknown to the Federal generals, strong outposts of Confederate troops being constantly opposed to their advancing columns. Pope sent Elliot, Hatch and Philip Sheridan with strong detachments to make a circuit of forty miles around the town and strike the railroad.
Stanley division pushed forward, and, after a sharp skirmish with the Confederate outposts, secured and fortified a position directly opposite the Confederate works. Paine, Crittenden and Nelson joined him there. William Sherman had meantime captured a loop-holed log house, manned by Confederates and situated south of Corinth. Sharp-shooters annoyed him from this place. The house was destroyed and William Sherman advanced close to Gustave Beauregard's earthworks. Gustave Beauregard, seeing himself nearly hemmed in, began to evacuate on the night of the 29th, destroying as much as he could, but leaving many valuable stores, nevertheless. His evacuation was concealed by the shouting of his men and the blowing of whistles, which the Federals mistook for reinforcements. Later, the place, when in Federal possession, was assaulted, but without success, by a large Confederate force commanded by Price and Van Dorn, on October the 3rd and 4th 1862. Rosecrans held Corinth with 20,000 Federal troops posted behind three rows of earthworks. Hamilton held the right, Davies the centre and McKean the left. Price advanced from the left and Van Dorn from the right. The assault was begun, by an impetuous charge by Van Dorn. Little was done, however, the first day. Early on October the 4th, Price's column advanced, drawn up like a wedge. The charge was a daring one, but the Confederates were driven back with heavy casualties. The Texan and Mississippi troops under Rogers fared as badly, their charge ending the assault. They fled in great disorder and were pursued for some distance by an Ohio regiment.
Research Battle of Corinth

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