In sculpture, a colossus is a statue of enormous magnitude. The Asiatics, the Egyptians, and in particular the Greeks, have excelled in these works. The most celebrated Egyptian colossus was the vocal statue of Memnon in the plain of Thebes, supposed to be identical with the most northerly of two existing colossi (60 feet high) on the west bank of the Nile.
Among the colossi of Greece the most celebrated was the Colossus of Rhodes, a brass statue of Apollo 70 cubits high, esteemed one of the wonders of the world, erected at the port of Rhodes by Chares, 290 or 288 BC. It was knocked down by an earthquake about 224 BC. The statue was in ruins for nearly nine centuries, when the Saracens, taking Rhodes, sold the metal, weighing 720,900 lbs, to a Jew, about 653. There is no authority for the popularly-received statement that it bestrode the harbour mouth, and that the Rhodian vessels could pass under its legs.
Among the colossi of Phidias were the Olympian Zeus and the Athena of the Parthenon; the former 60 feet high and the latter 40 feet.
The most famous of the Roman colossi were the Jupiter of the Capitol, the Apollo of the Palatine Library, and the statue of Nero, 110 or 120 feet high, and from which the contiguous amphitheatre derived its name of Colosseum.
Among modern works of this nature is the colossus of San Carlo Borromeo, at Arona, in the Milanese territory, 60 feet in height; the 'Bavaria' at Munich, 65 feet high; the statue of Hermann or Arminius near Detmold, erected in 1875, 90 feet in height to the point of the upraised sword, which itself is 24 feet in length; the height of the figure to the point of the helmet being 55 feet;
the statue of Germania, erected in 1883 near Rudesheim, a figure 34 feet high, placed on an elaborately-sculptured pedestal over 81 feet high; and Bartholdi's statue of Liberty presented to the United States by the French nation, and which measures 104 feet or to the extremity of the torch in the hand of the figure 138 feet. It is erected at New York harbour on a pedestal 114 feet, is constructed for a lighthouse with what was at one time was one of the most powerful fixed lights in the world, and stands 317 feet above mean tide. Research Colossus
Amenophis III (Amenhotep III) was a king of ancient Egypt about 1500 BC. He warred successfully against the Syrians and Ethiopians, built magnificent temples and palaces at Thebes, where the so-called Memnon statue is a statue of this king. Research Amenophis III
Givovanni Battista Belzoni was an Italian traveller. He was in 1778 at Padua in 1778 and died near Benin in 1823. In 1803 he emigrated to England, where, being endowed with an almost gigantic figure and commensurate strength, he for a time gained his living as an athlete. In 1815 he visited Egypt, where he made a hydraulic machine for Mehemet Ali. He then devoted himself to the exploration of the antiquities of the country, being supplied with funds by Mr. Salt, the British consul-general. He succeeded in transporting the bust of Memnon (Rameses II) from Thebes to Alexandria, from whence it came to the British Museum; explored the great temple of Rameses II at Abu-Simbel; opened the tomb of Seti I, from which he obtained the splendid alabastersarcophagus bought by Sir John Soane for 2000 pounds; and he also succeeded in opening the second (King Chephren's) of the pyramids of Ghizeh. He afterwards visited the coasts of the Red Sea, the city of Berenice, Lake Moeris, the Lesser Oasis, etc. The narrative of his discoveries and excavations in Egypt and Nubia was received with general approbation. He died during a projected journey to Timbuctoo. Research Giovanni Belzoni
In Greek mythology, Antilochus was a son of Nestor. He was a hero of the Trojan war and was renowned for his speed of foot. He was killed by Memnon. Research Antilochus
In Greek mythology, Tithonus was a son or brother of Laomedon the king of Troy by a river nymph. He was made immortal by Zeus at the request of the goddess Eos who loved him and he had by her the hero Memnon.. However, she neglected to ask that Tithonus be given the gift of eternal youth, so that he withered away in an ever increasing decrepitude. Eventually, he begged Eos to revoke her gift, and the goddess changed him into a grasshopper. The name Tithonus thus became proverbial for a decrepit old man. Research Tithonus
The Arab Republic of Egypt is a republic in north-east Africa. It has a total area of 1,001,450 km2. The climate is desert, extremely clear and dry, the temperature regular and exceedingly hot. The winter months are the most delightful part of the year; later, the ground becomes parched and dry, and in May the suffocating khamseen, or simoom, begins to blow from the desert plains. Rain is scanty except near the sea-shore; but at night the dews are heavy in lower Egypt, and the air cool and refreshing.
The terrain is comprised of a vast desert plateau interrupted by the Nilevalley and delta. Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc. The religion is 94% Muslim (mostly Sunni), 6% Coptic Christian and other. The official language is Arabic with English and French also widely understood by the educated classes.
Egypt has an ancient history of civilisation. When Abraham entered the Delta from Canaan the Egyptians had been long enjoying the advantages of a settled government. They had built cities, invented hieroglyphic signs, and improved them into syllabic writing, and almost into an alphabet. They had invented records, and wrote their kings' names and actions on the massive temples which they raised. The arrangement of Egyptian chronology is still a much- disputed point amongst scholars. A list of the kings of Egypt, arranged In thirty dynasties, was given by the priest Manetho about 250 BC, and this division is still used. His list, however, is in a very corrupt condition and his method is not strictly chronological. Hence in the various systems of chronology adopted by Egyptologists the dates assigned to Mena (or Menes) vary from 5702 to 2440 BC.
According to tradition Mena formed the old empire of Egypt and founded its capital Memphis. The IVth Dynasty is distinguished as the 'Pyramid Dynasty.' Three of its kings, Khufu, Khafra, and Menkaura (according to Herodotus, Cheops, Chephren, and Mykerinos), built the largest pyramids. The date assigned to these kings in the chronology of Lepsius is 2800-2700.
About 2400 the government of the empire seems to have been transferred from Memphis to Thebes, and with the beginning of Dynasty XII the Theban line was firmly established. The chief princes of this dynasty are Amenemhat I (2380), who seems to have extended the power of Egypt over a part of Nubia; Usurtasan I, who made further conquests in this direction; and Amenemhat III (2179), who constructed Lake Meri (Mosris), a large reservoir for regulating the water supply of the Nile.
About 2100 Egypt was conquered by the Hyksos, or shepherd kings, who invaded Egypt from the east and established their capital at Tanis (Zoan). The Theban princes seem, however, to have preserved a state of semi-independence, and at last a revolt commenced which ended by the shepherd kings being completely driven out of Egypt by King Aahmes (Amasis) of Thebes (about 1600), the first of the XVIIIth Dynasty. With Aahmes and the expulsion of the shepherd kings began the reigns of those great Theban kings who built the magnificent temples and palaces at Thebes.
The kings of the other parts of Egypt sank to the rank of sovereign priests. Thutmes (or Thothmosis II.) added Memphis to his dominions by his marriage with Queen Nitocris. Under Thutmes III and his successors there were successful expeditions against the Syrians and the Ethiopians. Amenhotep III set up his two gigantic statues in the plain of Thebes, one of which the Greeks called the musical statue of Memnon.
The Ramessides form the XIXth Dynasty. They commence with Ramses I, who seems to have been of Lower Egyptian extraction. His grandson, the great Ramses II, or Sesostris, was successful against the neighbouring Arabs, and covered Egypt with magnificent buildings. Ramses II was probably the Pharaoh who oppressed the Hebrews, and the exodus may have occurred under his successor Meneptah or Merenptah. under the later Ramessides the Egyptian empire began to decay.
A new dynasty, XXI, came to the throne with King Hirhor. The seat of their power was Tanis in the Delta. During this period a great number of foreigners, Libyans as well as Asiatics, established themselves in Egypt. About 961 Sheshenk I, the Shishak of the Bible, of a Shemite family from Bubastis, established a new dynasty (XXII). He attempted to restore Egyptian rule in the East, and conquered and plundered Jerusalem. After his death Egypt was torn by civil wars, and eventually the Ethiopians under Shabak (Sabako) conquered it (XXVth Dynasty).
For a time Egypt was subject alternately to Ethiopian and Assyrian princes, but in the 7th century the kings of Sa'is once more restored its independence and prosperity to Egypt. Psamethik I (Psammetichus) warred successfully in Syria and Palestine. King Nekho (610-594) defeated Josiah, king of Judah, but his further progress was checked by Nebuchadnezzar. His sailors circumnavigated Africa. Uahbra (the Greek Apries, the Hophrah of the Bible); and Aahmes II (Greek Amasis) followed. About 523 Cambyses, King of Persia, overran Egypt and made it a Persian province. During the reign of Cambyses the Egyptians suffered much oppression. After the Persian defeat at Marathon the Egyptians rose and recovered their independence for a short time, but were again subdued, and, in spite of two other revolts, Egypt remained a Persian province until Persia itself was conquered by Alexander the Great in 332 BC.
Egypt now became a Greek state, many Greeks having been already settled in the country, and the Egyptians were treated as an inferior race. Alexandria was founded as the new Greek capital. On Alexander's death his general, Ptolemy, took possession of the throne and became the first of a Greek dynasty that for three hundred years made Egypt one of the chief kingdoms of the world. The Ptolemies were magnificent patrons of letters and arts. Theocritus, Callimachus, Euclid the geometrician, the astronomers Eratosthenes and Arafcus, etc, flourished under their rule. But while the Alexandrian Greeks managed to keep down the native Egyptians, they were themselves sinking under the Romans. Ptolemy Auletea went to Rome to ask help against his subjects, and the famous Cleopatra maintained her power only through her personal influence with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.
On the defeat of Mark Antony by Augustus, in 30 BC, Egypt became a province of Rome. It was still a Greek state, and Alexandria was the chief seat of Greek learning and science. On the spread of Christianity the Old Egyptian doctrines lost their sway. Now arose in Alexandria the Christian catechetical school, which produced Clemena and Origen. The sects of Gnostics united astrology and magic with religion. The school of Alexandrian Platonics produced Plotinus and Proclus. Monasteries were built all over Egypt; Christian monks took the place of the pagan hermits, and the Bible was translated into Coptic.
On the division of the great Roman Empire in 395, in the time of Theodosius, into the Western and Eastern Empires, Egypt became a province of the latter, and sank deeper and deeper in barbarism and weakness. It was conquered in 640 by the Saracens under Caliph Omar. As a province of the caliphs it was under the government of the celebrated Abbasides - Harun-al-Rashid and Al-Mamun - and that of the heroic Sultan Saladin. The last dynasty was, however, overthrown by the Mamelukes in 1250; and the Mamelukes in their turn were conquered by the Turks during 1516 - 1517. The Mamelukes made repeated attempts to cast off the Turkishyoke, and had virtually done so by the end of the 18th century, when the French conquered Egypt and held it until 1801, when they were driven out by the British under Abercromby and Hutchinson.
On the expulsion of the French a Turkish force under Mehemet Ali Bey took possession of the country. Mehemet Ali was made pasha, and being a man of great ability administered the country vigorously and greatly extended the Egyptian territories. At length he broke with the Porte, and after gaining a decisive victory over the Ottoman troops in Syria in 1839 he was acknowledged by the sultan as viceroy of Egypt, with the right of succession in his family. Mehemet Ali died in 1849, having survived his son Ibrahim, who died in 1848. He was succeeded by his grandson Abbas, who, dying in 1854, was succeeded by his uncle Said, son of Mehemet. Under his rule railways were opened, and the cutting of the SuezCanal commenced.
After Said's death Ismail Pasha, a grandson of Mehemet Ali, obtained the government in 1863. His administration was vigorous but exceedingly extravagant, and brought the finances of the country into disorder. In 1866 he obtained a firman from the sultan granting him the title of khedive. In 1879 he was forced to abdicate under pressure of the British and French governments, and was replaced by his son Tewfik. In 1882 the 'national party' under Arabi Pasha revolted and forced the khedive to flee. On July 11 a British fleet bombarded Alexandria and restored the khedive, and at Tel-el-Kebir Arabi's forces were totally crushed on the 13th September. A rebellion in the Sudan under the leadership of Mohammed Ahmed, the so-called mahdi, now gave the government trouble.
In 1883 the mahdi's forces annihilated an Egyptian force in Kordofan. British troops sent to Suakin inflicted two severe defeats on the mahdi's followers; but the British cabinet resolved to abandon the Sudan, and General Gordon was sent to withdraw the garrisons. He was shut up in Khartoum by the mahdi's forces for nearly a year, and was murdered in January 1885 before the relief expedition under Wolseley could reach him. The country south of Wady Haifa was then given up, but was reconquered under LordKitchener, the crowning victory being at Omdurman, near Khartoum in 1898.
Egypt remained a kingdom until 1952 when King Farouk was overthrown in a coup and Egypt became a republic.
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