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The ISO (International Standards Organisation) assigns a two character code to each country name. These codes are used by Internet 'whois' databases (these two character abbreviations are the whois country codes) and also other applications.
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Gaming, or gambling is the practice of indulging in games involving some element of chance or hazard with a view to pecuniary gain.
In many countries such games, and the collateral practices of betting on events, taking shares in lotteries, etc, are legally prohibited or restricted as frequently associated with fraud and as themselves demoralizing. At other times governments, tempted by the prospect of gain, have openly encouraged gambling by licensing gaming- houses, or instituting lotteries under their own authority. In France public gaming-tables were suppressed from the 1st of January, 1838, but lotteries were still sometimes carried on.
Previous to the formation of the German Empire gambling was encouraged in both of the ways referred to in several of the principalities of Germany. Baden-Baden, in the Grand-duchy of Baden, and Homburg, in Hesse-Homburg, were the two most famous resorts in Europe of the frequenters of gaming-tables. After the formation of the empire gaming was suppressed in these places on the 31st of December, 1872, and after that time the Italian principality of Monaco became the last public resort of this species of gambling, quickly developing into a world famous gaming center even after a relaxation of gaming rules in other European countries during the 20th century.
In Great Britain gaming has been the subject of numerous enactments. Henry VIII made proclamation against certain games, including dice, cards, and bowls, and prohibited the keeping of any common house for unlawful games under penalties of 40 shillings per day for keeping the house, and 6s. 8d per time for playing in it.
By an act of Charles II in 1663 any person fraudulently winning money by gaming was to forfeit treble the amount, and any person losing more than 100 pounds at cards, etc, on credit at one sitting was not bound to pay, and the winner forfeited treble the amount.
Under Anne all notes, bills, bonds, etc, given for money won by gaming were decreed void, and any person paying a loss of more than 10 pounds might recover it within three months as a common debt; or if the loser did not sue, any other person might do so. In the reign of William IV such notes were declared void between the parties, but not in the hands of purchasers or endorsers.
By acts of George II keepers of public-houses were punishable for permitting gaming, and the games of faro, hazard, roulette, and all other games with dice, except backgammon, are prohibited under penalties. This law, with amendments is still in force in 2009 with cribbage, dominoes and other games of pure skill allowed to be played in public-houses for moderate stakes.
An act of 1845, while repealing some of the previous acts and exempting games of mere skill, including billiards and dominoes, inflicted the penalty of 100 pounds (afterwards increased to a maximum of 500 pounds) on any person keeping a gaming-house, with the alternative of six months' imprisonment. Cards and other games could of course be played in private houses, but not in gaming-houses, or in such a way as to constitute a nuisance. Persons playing or gaming in public places could be punished as rogues and vagabonds. Penalties were inflicted for keeping billiard
or bagatelle tables without a license. Lotteries and raffles were illegal (but art union lotteries were excepted). Persons fraudulently winning money by gaming were deemed guilty of obtaining it by false pretences. No suit-at-law could be brought against a loser for money won at play or to recover money so lost, or to recover a deposit from a stakeholder; but this did not apply to prizes at any lawful sport. Later acts provide that betting-houses should be considered gaming-houses. Any person found in a gaming-house who gave a false name or address was liable to a fine of fifty pounds.
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Alphonse de Beauchamp was a French historian and publicist. He was born in 1767 at Monaco and died in 1832. Under the Directory he had the surveillance of the press, a position which supplied him with materials for his History of La Vendee. He contributed to the Moniteur and the Gazette de France. Among his chief works are the History of the Conquest of Peru, the History of Brazil, and the Life of Louis XVIII. The Memoires of Fouche is also with good reason ascribed to him.
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Farouk was the last king of Egypt. He was born in 1920 at Cairo and died in 1965. Educated in England, he became king in 1936 but was deposed in 1952 following Egypt's defeat by Israel in 1948 and unrest following continued British occupation. After abdicating he went into exile, living in Monaco.
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Francois Joseph Bosio (Baron Bosio) was a French sculptor. He was, born in 1769 at Monaco and died in 1845. He was much employed by Napoleon and by the successive Bourbon and Orleans dynasties. His works are well known in France and Italy.
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A Monegasque is a person that comes from Monaco.
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Grace Kelly was an American actress. She was born in 1929 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and died in 1982 in a road accident. She married Prince Rainier of Monaco, thereby becoming Princess Grace of Monaco.
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Kelly Monaco is an American glamour model and actress. She was born in 1976 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She played 'Sam McCall' in the 2006 television series 'General Hospital' and was Playboy magazine's 'Miss April' in 1997.
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The Grace Kelly Story is a biographical drama starring Cheryl Ladd, Lloyd Bridges, Diane Ladd, Alejandro Rey and Ian McShane in the story of the debutante Grace Kelly, her life in Hollywood and her new life after meeting Prince Rainer of Monaco. The Grace Kelly Story was directed by Anthony Page in 1983.
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MC is an abbreviation for Monaco
MC is an abbreviation for Master of Ceremonies
MC is an abbreviation for Major Critical
MC is an abbreviation for Marine Corps
MC is an abbreviation for Megacycle
MC is an abbreviation for Member of Congress
MC is an abbreviation for Mid-Course
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The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
©1993 - 2009 The Probert Encyclopaedia
Southampton, United Kingdom
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