Goat pox is an epidemic disease of goats caused by a virus infection and characterized by fever and a papulovesicular eruption of the skin and mucous membranes. Research Goat Pox
Nutrition is the strategy adopted by an organism to obtain the chemicals it needs to live, grow, and reproduce. The term is also applied to the science of food, and its effect on human and animal life, health, and disease.
Nutrition involves the study of the basic nutrients required to sustain life, their bio-availability in foods and overall diet, and the effects upon them of cooking and storage. It is also concerned with dietary deficiency diseases. There are six classes of nutrients: water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Water is involved in nearly every body process. Animals and humans will succumb to water deprivation sooner than to starvation. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The major groups are starches, sugars, and cellulose and related material (or ' roughage'). The prime function of the carbohydrates is to provide energy for the body; they also serve as efficient sources of glucose, which the body requires for brain functioning, utilisation of foods, maintenance of body temperature. Roughage includes the stiff structural materials of vegetables, fruits, and cereal products. Proteins are made up of smaller units, amino acids. The primary function of dietary protein is to provide the amino acids
required for growth and maintenance of body tissues. Both vegetable and animal foods are protein sources. Fats serve as concentrated sources of energy, and protect vital organs such as the kidneys and skeleton. Saturated fats derive primarily from animal sources; unsaturated fats from vegetable sources such as nuts and seeds. Vitamins are essential for normal growth, and are either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Fat-soluble vitamins include A, essential to the maintenance of mucous membranes, particularly the conjunctiva of the eyes; D, important to the absorption of calcium; E, an antioxidant; and K, which aids blood clotting. Water-soluble vitamins are the B complex, essential to metabolic reactions, and C, for maintaining connective tissue and cell functioning. Minerals are vital to normal development; calcium and iron are particularly important as they are required in relatively large amounts. Minerals required by the body in trace amounts include chromium, copper, fluoride, iodine, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, sodium, and zinc. Research Nutrition
Sirex is a genus of Horntail (Siricidea). Sirex juvencus is distributed throughout a large part of Europe, North Africa, and temperate Asia, and the British Isles and has been introduced into Australia. Sirex juvencus is found in coniferous woodlands, typically pine where the adults fly in clearings on sunny days between June and August and sometimes September. The female lays her eggs in damaged and dead trees on branches with thin bark, the eggs being laid in pairs. The eggs are covered in a mucous containing spores of a wood-attacking fungi which are kept in sacs on the females body. The fungi spreads with the burrowing larvae and provides food for them. Research Sirex
Slugs are a group of gastropods, similar to snails, but in which the shell is absent or rudimentary. Because they lack a shell, slugs can only be active during damp weather, otherwise they would dry out and die. As a protection, slugs secrete a foul tasting mucous which they cover themselves with as a defence against being eaten by birds. Research Slug
Staphylococcus is a genus of spherical nonmotile Gram-positive bacteria that occur widely as saprophytes or parasites, the cells occurring in grape-like clusters. Many species inhabit the skin and mucous membranes, and some cause disease in humans and animals. Staphylococcus aureus infection can lead to boils and abscesses in humans; this species also produces toxins that irritate the gastrointestinal tract and result in staphylococcal food poisoning. Research Staphylococcus
Streptococcus is a genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring widely in nature, typically as chains or pairs of cells. Many are saprophytic and exist as usually harmless commensals inhabiting the skin, mucous membranes, and intestine of humans and animals. Others are parasites, some of which cause diseases, including scarletfever (Streptococcus pyogenes; group A streptococci) , endocarditis (Streptococcus viridans), and pneumonia (Streptococcus pneumoniae). Research Streptococcus
Aphonia is the greater or less impairment, or the complete loss of the power of emitting vocal sound. The slightest and less permanent forms often arise from extreme nervousness, fright, and hysteria. Slight forms of structural aphonia are of a catarrhal nature, resulting from more or less congestion and tumefaction of the mucous and submucous tissues of the larynx and adjoining parts. Severer cases are frequently occasioned by serous infiltration into the submucous tissue, with or without inflammation of the mucousmembrane of the larynx and of its vicinity. The voice may also be affected in different degrees by inflammatory affections of the fauces and tonsils; by tumours in these situations; by morbid growths pressing on or implicating the larynx or trachea; by aneurisms; and most frequently by chronic laryngitis and its consequences, especially thickening, ulceration, etc. Research Aphonia
The appendix is sometimes referred to as the 'abdominal tonsil' because it is composed largely of lymphoid tissue and is very susceptible to infection. It varies greatly in size, the average length being 75 mm. Normally it is a hollow tube lined with mucousmembrane, with a muscle wall similar to that of the caecum with which it communicates. Its tip may hang down over the brim of the pelvis to make contact with the bladder, the rectum, or in the female with the ovary, uterine tube or uterus. It may on the other hand, turn upwards behind the caecum pointing out towards the groin-the retro-caecal position. It may lie on the front of the caecum immediately under the anterior abdominal wall. Research Appendix
An astringent is a substance which contracts tissues, chiefly by coagulating albumin. When applied in the form of lotions or ointments, they reduce the congestion of mucous membranes and thus assist in the healing of wounds and ulcers. The chief natural astringents are the mineral acids, alum, lime-water, chalk, salts of copper, zinc, iron, lead, silver; and among vegetables catechu, kino, oak-bark, and galls. Research Astringent
Abbreviations
Research Goat Pox
