Chinaware is a name given to porcelain (pottery made from kaolin ), so called from China being the first country to supply it to Europeans. It is thought that the Chinese produced porcelain from ancient times, but it wasn't until around 500 AD that they perfected the art. Chinaware first came to Europe in the beginning of the 16th century and won immediate popularity for its beauty and novelty .
The European consumers thought it impossible to match the whiteness of Chinaware, until John Frederick of Saxony , an alchemist, discovered a means of producing a porcelain equal in whiteness to the Chinaware. This led to the establishment by the Government of a factory at Meissen which started to produce porcelain rivalling the Chinaware in beauty and quality.
In France also about the middle of the 18th century the celebrated factory at Sevres was set up and soon acquired a great renown . In England a porcfaiain work was established at Chelsea some years prior to 1745; it was made at Stratford-le-Bow about the same time, at Derby as early as 1750, at Worcester in 1751. About 1755 kaolin or porcelain clay was discovered in Cornwall , and this contributed greatly to improve the quality of English porcelain, which began to be largely manufactured in Staffordshire under the auspices of Josiah Spode and Thomas Minton.
Chinaware, when broken, presents a granular surface with a compact, dense, firm, hard, vitreous and durable texture. It is semi-transparent, with a covering of white glaze, clear, smooth, unaffected by all acids except hydroflouric acid, and able to withstand sudden changes of temperature .
Cainophobia is the fear of newness, novelty .
Kainolophobia is the fear of novelty .
Neophobia is the fear of novelty .
A phobia is an intense and irrational fear of a given situation, organism, or object . A list of Some more common phobias:
Acarophobia is the fear of itching. Acerophobia is the fear of sourness. Achluophobia (lygophobia ) is the fear of darkness. Acousticophobia is the fear of sound. Acrophobia is the fear of being at a great height. Aerophobia is the fear of draughts. Agoraphobia is the fear of open spaces. Ailurophobia is the fear of cats. Algophobia is the fear of experiencing or witnessing bodily pain. Americophobia is the fear of American people and things. Androphobia is the fear of men. Anemophobia is the fear of wind. Anginophobia is the fear of narrowness. Anglophobia is the fear of Britain . Anthophobia is the fear of flowers. Anthropophobia is the fear of people. Antlophobia is the fear of floods. Apeirophobia is the fear of infinity. Apiphobia is the fear of bees. Aquaphobia is the fear of water, especially because of the possibility of drowning . Arachnophobia is the fear of spiders. Asthenophobia is the fear of weakness. Astraphobia (or astrophobia) is the fear of thunder and lightning . Atelophobia is the fear of imperfection. Atephobia is the fear of ruin. Autophobia (ermitophobia) is the fear of loneliness. Bacillophobia (microbiophobia) is the fear of microbes. Bacteriophobia is the fear of bacteria . Ballistophobia is the fear of bullets. Bathophobia is the fear of depth. Batophobia is the fear of high buildings. Batrachophobia is the fear of reptiles. Belonephobia is the fear of needles . Blennophobia is the fear of slime . Bromidrosiphobia is the fear of body odour. Brontophobia (tonitrophobia, keraunophobia) is the fear of thunder . Carcinophobia is the fear of cancer . Cardiophobia is the fear of heart disease. Cheimaphobia is the fear of cold. Chionophobia is the fear of snow . Chrematophobia is the fear of money. Chromophobia is the fear of colour. Chronophobia is the fear of time. Chrysophobia (aurophobia) is the fear of gold. Cibophobia (sitophobia ) is the fear of food. Claustrophobia is the fear of being closed in or of being in a confined space. Clinophobia is the fear of bed . Cnidophobia is the fear of insect stings . Coitophobia is the fear of coitus. Cometophobia is the fear of comets. Coprophobia is the fear of faeces . Coprostasophobia is the fear of constipation . Cremnophobia is the fear of precipices or steep places. Cryophobia is the fear of ice. Cyberphobia is the fear of computers. Cymophobia is the fear of waves. Cynophobia is the fear of dogs. Demophobia (ochlophobia ) is the fear of crowds. Dermatosiophobia (dermatopathophobia) is the fear of skin disease. Dikephobia is the fear of justice. Doraphobia is the fear of fur . Dysmorphophobia is the fear that one's body, or any part of it, is repulsive or may become so. Ecclesiophobia is the fear of church . Eisoptrophobia is the fear of mirrors . Electrophobia is the fear of electricity. Eleutherophobia is the fear of freedom. Emetophobia is the fear of vomiting. Enetophobia is the fear of pins. Entomophobia is the fear of insects. Eosophobia is the fear of dawn. Epistolophobia is the fear of writing letters. Ergophobia is the fear of doing work. Erotophobia is the fear of sex . Erythrophobia is the fear of blushing. Febriphobia is the fear of fever . Francophobia (Gallophobia ) is the fear of French people and things. Gametophobia is the fear of marriage. Gephyrophobia is the fear of bridges. Germanophobia (Teutophobia ) is the fear of German people and things. Geumatophobia is the fear of taste . Graphophobia is the fear of writing. Gynophobia is the fear of women. Hadephobia (stygiophobia ) is the fear of hell . Haemophobia is the fear of blood . Hagiophobia is the fear of saints. Hamartophobia is the fear of sin . Haptophobia is the fear of touch. Harpaxophobia is the fear of robbers. Hedonophobia is the fear of pleasure. Heliophobia is the fear of sun . Helminthophobia is the fear of worms . Hierophobia is the fear of priests. Hippophobia is the fear of horses. Hodophobia is the fear of travel. Homichlophobia is the fear of fog. Homophobia is the fear of homosexuals and homosexuality. Hormephobia is the fear of shock. Hydrophobia is the fear of drinking liquids. Hydrophobophobia is the fear of rabies . Hygrophobia is the fear of dampness. Hypegiaphobia is the fear of responsibility. Hypnophobia is the fear of sleep. Ichthyophobia is the fear of fish . Iconophobia is the fear of religious works of art. Ideophobia is the fear of ideas. Italophobia is the fear of Italian people and things. Judaeophobia is the fear of Jewish people and things. Kakorrhaphiaphobia is the fear of failure. Katagelophobia is the fear of ridicule. Kenophobia is the fear of voids. Kinetophobia is the fear of motion. Kleptophobia is the fear of stealing. Koniophobia is the fear of dust. Kopophobia is the fear of fatigue. Lalophobia (glossophobia , phonophobia ) is the fear of speech. Leprophobia is the fear of leprosy . Limnophobia is the fear of lakes . Linonophobia is the fear of string. Logophobia is the fear of words. Lyssophobia (maniphobia) is the fear of insanity. Mastigophobia is the fear of beating. Mechanophobia is the fear of machinery. Metallophobia is the fear of metal. Microphobia is the fear of small things. Monophobia is the fear of being alone. Musicophobia is the fear of music. Musophobia is the fear of mice . Mysophobia is the fear of dirt. Necrophobia is the fear of death or dead bodies. Negrophobia is the fear of Black people and things. Neophobia is the fear of novelty . Nephophobia is the fear of clouds. Nosophobia is the fear of illness. Nyctophobia is the fear of night. Ochlophobia is the fear of crowds. Ochophobia is the fear of vehicles. Odontophobia is the fear of teeth . Oikophobia is the fear of home. Olfactophobia (osmophobia ) is the fear of smell. Ommetaphobia is the fear of eyes. Onomatophobia is the fear of names. Ophidiophobia is the fear of snakes. Ornithophobia is the fear of birds. Paedophobia is the fear of children. Panophobia (pantophobia ) is the fear of everything. Papaphobia is the fear of Pope . Parasitophobia is the fear of parasites. Pathophobia (nosophobia ) is the fear of disease. Patroiophobia is the fear of heredity . Pediculophobia is the fear of lice. Peniaphobia is the fear of poverty. Phagophobia is the fear of swallowing. Pharmacophobia is the fear of drugs. Phasmophobia is the fear of ghosts. Philosophobia is the fear of philosophy. Phobophobia is the fear of fear. Photophobia is the fear of sunlight and well-lit places. Phronemophobia is the fear of thinking. Phthisiophobia is the fear of tuberculosis . Pinaciphobia (katastichophobia) is the fear of lists. Pogonophobia is the fear of beards. Poinephobia is the fear of punishment. Politicophobia is the fear of politics. Potamophobia is the fear of rivers. Potophobia is the fear of drink. Pteronophobia is the fear of feathers. Pyrophobia is the fear of fire. Rhabdophobia is the fear of magic. Russophobia is the fear of Russians. Satanophobia is the fear of Satan . Scabiophobia is the fear of scabies . Sciophobia is the fear of shadows. Scotophobia (nyctophobia ) is the fear of the dark. Siderodromophobia is the fear of rail travel. Siderophobia is the fear of stars. Sinophobia is the fear of Chinese people and things. Spermophobia (bacteriophobia ) is the fear of germs. Stasophobia is the fear of standing. Symmetrophobia is the fear of symmetry. Syphilophobia is the fear of venereal disease. Tachophobia is the fear of speed. Taphephobia is the fear of being buried alive. Technophobia is the fear of technology. Telephonophobia is the fear of telephones. Teratophobia is the fear of giving birth to a monster. Teratrophobia is the fear of monsters. Thalassophobia is the fear of sea. Thanatophobia is the fear of death . Thassophobia is the fear of idleness. Theophobia is the fear of God. Thermophobia is the fear of heat. Tocophobia is the fear of childbirth. Topophobia is the fear of places. Toxiphobia is the fear of poison. Traumatophobia is the fear of injury. Trichophobia is the fear of hair. Triskaidekaphobia is the fear of the number thirteen. Trypanophobia (vaccinophobia ) is the fear of inoculation. Tyrannophobia is the fear of tyrants. Uranophobia is the fear of heaven. Xenophobia is the fear of foreigners. Zelotypophobia is the fear of jealousy. Zoophobia is the fear of animals. Novelty is a town in Knox County , Missouri , USA.
An apartment house is a house built to accommodate a number of families each in its ownAmerica , where such dwellings were introduced quite late, houses of this kind have long been built in Europe , though in London, as in the United States, they were still somewhat of a novelty at the start of the 20th century - a situation which changed rapidly during the 1960's. Early apartment houses in New York and other American cities consisted of great blocks of such houses, which provided excellent and commodious dwellings at a lower rent than if each were a separate building.
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Abbreviations
Research Chinaware
