Claude Graham-White was a British aviator and aeronautical engineer. He was born in 1879. He was the first Englishman to be granted an aviator's certificate. In 1909 he started a school of aviation at Pau and in 1910 won the international race in America. Research Claude Graham-White
Henry IV was king of France. He was born in 1553 at Pau and died in 1610. He was son of Anthony of Bourbon, duke of Vendome, and of Jeanne d'Albret, daughter of Henry, king of Navarre, and herself afterwards queen of Navarre. Educated by his mother in the Calvinistic faith, he early joined, at her wish, the Protestant army of France, and served under Admiral Coligny. In 1572 he married Margaret of Valois, sister of Charles IX., and after the massacre of St Bartholomew, which took place during the marriage festivities, was forced to adopt the Catholic creed.
In 1576 he escaped from Paris, retracted at Tours his enforced abjuration of Calvinism, put himself at the head of the Huguenots, and took a leading part in all the subsequent religious wars. On becoming presumptive heir to the crown in 1584 he was obliged to resort to arms to assert his claims. In 1587 he defeated the army of the League at Coutras, and after the death of Henry III gained the battles of Arques in 1589 and Ivri in 1590. He was obliged, however, to raise the siege of Paris; and convinced that a peaceful occupation of the throne was impossible without his professing the Catholic faith, he became nominally a Catholic in 1593. After his formal coronation in 1594 only three provinces held out against him - Burgundy, reduced by the victory of Fontaine - Frangaise in 1595; Picardy, reduced by the capture of Amiens in 1596; and Brittany, which came into his hands by the submission of the Duke of Mercoeur in the spring of 1598.
The war against Spain was concluded in 1598 by the Peace of Vervins to the advantage of France. The same year was signalized by the granting of the edict of Nantes, which secured to the Protestants entire religious liberty. He made use of the tranquillity which followed to restore the internal prosperity of his kingdom, and particularly the wasted finances, in which he was successful with the aid of his primeminister Sully. At the instance of Sully Henry divorced Margaret of Valois, and in 1600 married Maria de Medici, niece of the Grand-duke of Tuscany, mother of Louis XIII. She was crowned at St Denis in 1610, but on the following day Henry was stabbed by a fanatic named Ravaillac, while examining the preparations for the queen's entry into Paris. The great benefits which Henry IV of France bestowed upon France entitle him to the designation which he himself assumed at an assembly of the Notables at Eouenin 1596, the Regenerator of France (Restaurateur de. la France). Research Henry IV of France
Jean-Baptiste-Jules Bernadotte was a French general, afterwards raised to the Swedish throne. He was born in 1764 and died in 1844. He was the son of an advocate of Pau, and enlisted at the age of seventeen, became a sergeant-major in 1789, and subaltern in 1790. In 1794 he was appointed a general of a division, and distinguished himself greatly in the campaign in Germany, and on thoRhine.
In 1798 he married Mademoiselle Clary, sister-in-law of Joseph Bonaparte. The following year he became for a short time minister of war, and on the establishment of the empire was raised to the dignity of marshal of France, and the title of Prince of Ponte-Corvo. On the death of the Prince of Holstein-Augustenburg the heir apparency to the Swedish crown was offered to the Prince of Ponte-Corvo, who accepted with the consent of the emperor, went to Sweden, abjured Catholicism, and took the title of Prince Charles John.
In the maintenance of the interests of Sweden a serious rupture occurred between him and Bonaparte, followed by his accession in 1812 to the coalition of sovereigns against Napoleon. At the battle of Leipzig he contributed effectually to the victory of the allies. At the close of the war strenuous attempts were made by the Emperor of Austria and other sovereigns to restore the family of Gustavus IV to the crown but Bernadotte, retaining his position as crown-prince, became King of Sweden on the death of Charles XIII in 1818, under the title of Charles XIV. During his reign agriculture and commerce made great advances, and many important public works were completed. After his death he was succeeded by his son Oscar. Research Jean-Baptiste-Jules Bernadotte
Golf is a game played with clubs and balls over large commons, downs, or links. It is said to have originated in Holland, and the word golf itself is doubtfully derived from the Dutch kolf, a club. It has been played in Scotland for centuries, and there are several references to the game in Scottish Acts of Parliament, as in one passed in 1491 under James IV, which classes football and 'gouff' with 'uthir sic unproffitable sportis'. It was not until the middle of the nineteenth century that the game really began to take root in England, although the golf club with the oldest records is that at Blackheath, founded by James I, or his Scottish courtiers. Apart from this, the first English golf club was started at Westward Ho, Devon, in 1864; and gradually this was followed by other clubs all over the country. The Royal and Ancient Club of St Andrews (founded in 1754) is the recognized head-quarters of the game in the United Kingdom, and long laid down the law for the golfing community. Towards the start of the 20th century a Rules of Golf Committee was formed; but all its members were members of the St Andrewsclub, which
thus practically maintained its supremacy. Other well-known golf courses or links are at North Berwick, Prestwick (near Ayr), and Muirfield (Haddingtonshire), in Scotland ; Westward Ho, Hoylake, and Sandwich, in England; and Portrush, in Ireland. A golf club was founded at Calcutta in 1829, Bombay and Pau (in the south of France) coming next in order. The game spread to the United States, through Canada, about 1890, and quickly become amazingly popular there within the next fifteen years.
A golf-course of full size is divided into eighteen sections by a series of small round holes, 4.25 inches in diameter, sunk in the turf at distances of from 100 to 500 yards from each other, so as to form a circuit or round; many courses have only nine holes. The ground between the holes must be varied in character, being diversified by obstacles, whether natural or artificial, such as sand or other 'bunkers', hillocks, ditches, streams, etc. Round each hole a grass-grown space, known as the 'putting-green', is kept perfectly smooth. The object of the game is, starting from the first 'teeing-ground' (or place from which the balls are driven off towards each hole), to drive the ball into the next hole in as few strokes as possible, and so on with all the holes in succession, the side which 'holes out' on any occasion in the fewest strokes being said to win the hole. The match is decided either by the greatest number of holes won, or by the aggregate number of strokes for the whole round. In medal play, and in some championships, the score is always reckoned by strokes. Often what are known as 'Bogey' competitions are held. 'ColonelBogey', who is a kind of 'Mrs. Harris' of golf, has a fixed score allotted to him for each hole, this score being approximately that of a good player who accomplishes the round without making any bad blunders - the term par later being applied, thus a hole which should be completed in four strokes is known as a par 4 hole. The competitors contest each hole with this mythical opponent, and the winner is he who finishes the greatest number of holes 'up', or more generally the least number 'down', on 'Bogey' (under par).
Ordinarily the ball may not be touched otherwise than with the club during the game, except to take it out of the hole and place it in position on the teeing-ground (the 'tee' being a little mound of sand, on which the ball is placed for the first drive to each hole). Sometimes, however, the local rules of a club recognize certain places on the course from which the ball is practically unplayable, and if a ball lodges in one of these places the player is allowed to take it out and drop it behind him under penalty of one stroke.
The varying nature of the ground on a golf-course, and the different obstacles to be surmounted, necessitate the use of a number of different clubs. The chief clubs are the driver, brassy, deck, mashie, iron, niblick, and putter. Of these the first two have wooden heads, the rest iron, though the putter is often made of aluminium. The heads of wooden clubs are made of beech, persimmon, or logwood, weighted with lead behind, and protected with horn at the bottom. The shafts were usually of hickory and were spliced to the heads and bound with strong twine - later carbon fiber became common place. The driver is the club used for the first drive from the teeing-ground, but may also be used for other strokes if the 'lie' of the ball is good. It is the longest club of all, and has an exceedingly springy and supple shaft. A good driver will send the ball, if accurately hit, more than 200 yards. The brassy is a somewhat similar club, but is shorter, less springy, and is shod with a brass plate. Its face is laid back somewhat, so as to 'loft' the ball, and it is used in fairly good 'lies' on grass. The deck, an iron club with a flat face, is used for drives of from 100 to 150 yards, or where the lie of the ball is such that a wooden club cannot be used. Both the mashie and the iron are used for lofting the ball out of bunkers or over obstacles, or for short 'approaches', and accordingly have their faces laid back, the mashie having the shorter head of the two. The niblick has a very short spoon-shaped head, and serves to extricate the ball from deep sand, small holes, and formerly cart-ruts, etc. The putter is used on the putting-green for coaxing the ball into the hole from short distances.
The ball, which was originally of feathers covered with leather, was latterly always made of gutta-percha, and by 1910 usually consisted of a core round which india-rubber thread is wound, the whole being cased with gutta-percha, later balls were very similar, the outer casing being plastic however. These balls have been found to be more springy, and can be driven farther than the older gutta-percha balls.
As early as 1905 golf was a popular game with women, competitions being played among both men and among women seperately. The popularity of golf with women caused a great deal of excitement among Victorian society.
Bearn was one of the provinces into which France was formerly divided, now chiefly included in the department of Lower Pyrenees. Pau is the chief town. There is a peculiar and well-marked dialect - the Bearnese - spoken in this district, which has much more affinity with the Spanish than with the French. Research Bearn
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Abbreviations
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