A gall (also known as a gall-nut or nut-gall) is a growth caused on plants of various kinds by parasitic mites (Phytoptidae). The galls of commerce are produced by a species of Cynips (Gall-fly) in the tender shoots of the Quercus infectoria, a species of oak abundant in Asia Minor, Syria, Iraq, etc. They are spherical and tubercular, and vary in magnitude from the size of a pea to that of a hazel-nut. White, green, and blue varieties are recognized, the latter kinds being the best. They are inodorous, but are strongly astringent from the tannin and gallic acid which they contain, and which are their chief products. Gall-nuts were extensively used in dyeing and in the manufacture of ink, and they were also frequently used in medicine. They were chiefly imported from Aleppo, Tripoli, and Smyrna. The Chinese galls, or woo-pei-tsze, differ from the foregoing in that they are really an unusually massive kind of crust or cocoon, such as the aphides form on the surface of a plant; the tissues of the plant are not affected. After the opening of the Japanese ports these were imported in considerable quantities to Britain. Research Gall
The Shar-Pei is an ancient Chinese breed of dog dating back over 2000 years and once kept as fighting dogs. The Shar-Pei stands 40 centimetres tall, and like the Chow-Chow also has a blue tongue. They are an exuberant and loving breed. Research Shar-Pei
The Farman Monitor I was a French two-seater trainer aircraft of the 1950's first flown in 1952. The Farman Monitor I was a low-wing cantilever monoplane of mixed construction powered by a SNECMA Renault 4 Pei four-cylinder in-line inverted air-cooled engine providing a top speed of 204 kmh and an endurance of three hours flying time. Research Farman Monitor I
Abbreviations
Research Gall
