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The pad was a British measure for fish comprising sixty mackerel.
Tragulidae is the mouse deer family of animals of the order Artiodactyla. Usually solitary and nocturnal, tragulids live in dense vegetation on the forest floor where they feed principally on grasses, leaves, and some fruit, but they also eat invertebrates, small mammals, and sometimes carrion. Limbs, are long and slender and end in hoofs. The carpals are cuboidal and highly specialized; the lateral digits are present although not strongly developed, and they are sometimes digitigrade. The hind feet have a cannon bone; the third and fourth metacarpals of the forefeet are either unfused (as in the African species) or only partially fused (as in the Asian species). An ossified plate to which the sacral vertebrae attach is present. Antlers and horns are absent. A postorbital bar is present. There is no sagittal crest, and the mandibular condyle is long. A full set of lower incisors is present, but the uppers are replaced by a horny pad. Canines are present, large and curved in males, extending below the lower lip, smaller in females.
 Research Tragulidae
The abductor digiti minimi pedis (abductor digiti quinti) muscle lies under the outside border of the foot. It originates from the calcaneum and runs along the outer edge of the foot, inserting into the outer side of the base of the first phalanx of the little toe. It is innervated by the lateral plantar nerve and supplied by the plantar artery. This muscle is for the most part concealed by the dense, fibrous fat pad of the sole of the foot. It works to flex and draw the little toe away from the foot.
Research Abductor Digiti Minimi Pedis
Colostomy is the operation of opening into the colon, or lower portion of the intestine. This procedure is one of the most important in abdominal surgery. It is sometimes necessary as a life- saving measure. It may be temporary or permanent as an artificial anus in the radical treatment of rectal cancer. Because of its appearance, its inconvenience and the very thought of an artificial opening in the abdominal wall a great deal of care is necessary to allay the anxieties of patients and their relatives when colostomy is necessary.
In some cases of acute intestinal obstruction the surgeon explores the abdomen and finds perhaps a large mass in the region of the pelvic colon or rectum that cannot be removed. An emergency colostomy is then performed in the transverse colon with the immediate purpose of saving life and with the further objective of providing temporary drainage should the growth be removable at a later date. In some such cases, when at first sight the primary cause of the obstruction seems beyond any possibility of surgical removal, after several weeks of colostomy drainage the infection subsides and the affected portion of bowel may then be removed. Colostomy may be necessary as a preliminary to other operations involving removal of the large bowel. Such an occasion arises if diverticulitis has produced vesico-colic fistula (between the colon and bladder). In some cases of severe incontinence due to abnormality or injury to the anus, a left iliac colostomy enables the patient to be free of the terrible inconvenience of perpetual soiling in the perineum. Injuries or abnormalities of the spinal cord produce paralysis of the anal sphincter mechanism and sometimes colostomy is essential. Congenital absence of the rectum or anus requires an emergency colostomy within a day or so of birth.
There are two main forms of colostomy. First is the loop colostomy which has two limbs. The opening is at the apex of the loop and the bowel has not been divided completely across. A variation of the loop colostomy is the double- barrel form in which the two limbs of the loop are separated by a piece of skinrafter complete division. This is also described as a defunctioning colostomy as it prevents the spill of faeces from the proximal to the distal loop. A second variety is the spur colostomy where a spur is formed by suturing the two ends together for several centimeters inside the abdomen. This is of particular value if the colostomy is temporary as the spur can be destroyed by a crushing clamp without risk of peritonitis or perforation since the limbs have become sealed together. When the spur breaks down, the artificial opening on the surface shrinks and sinks back below the skin level. The aim is that this should close spontaneously without further operation. The third type is the terminal colostomy in which the distal portion of bowel is removed completely or in the case of excision of rectum the lower end is closed to form a blind end. In grave emergencies the simplest form of colostomy is performed in which a loop of colon is brought out through the abdominal wall, where it is held by the insertion of a glass rod passed through a small hole in the mesentery. The ends of the glass rod are connected by a loop of rubber tubing which forms a 'bucket handle' . The abdominal wall is closed around the protrusion of the colostomy. Exteriorisation is another way of performing a colostomy. If a growth is present in a part of the bowel which can be brought readily through the abdominal wall (e.g. transverse or pelvic colon) the affected loop containing the growth is left outside and the peritoneum, muscles and skin are closed around the base of the loop where the two limbs converge. The loop of colon containing the growth is then removed, leaving two open ends of
el which can later be joined by crushing the spur between them. This operation avoids the handling of growth or unprepared bowel while the peritoneal cavity is open and so diminishes the risk of peritonitis. A formal operation for closure is required if a spur has not been made.
At the end of the operation a small incision is usually made in the apex of the loop to allow the immediate discharge of gas and faecal material which is collected as cleanly as possible before the patient leaves the theatre. A dressing of petroleum jelly gauze or tulle gras is applied on the exposed bowel. The skin incision may be sealed with Whitehead's varnish and a pad of cellulose tissue and wool is bandaged lightly over the opening. For fear of contaminating the abdominal wound before the peritoneal cavity has become sealed, the former practice was to leave the colostomy unopened for 48 hours. The initial opening may be enlarged by the surgeon two or three days after the colostomy has been raised. The bowel is usually divided (without anaesthetic) by an electric cautery which seals the blood vessels and prevents bleeding from the very vascular mucous membrane and muscle wall of the bowel. A method of draining the colostomy is by the use of Paul's tube. This is an angled wide glass tube which is inserted through a hole in the colostomy loop. It is tied in position in the same way as the caecostomy catheter and connected to a bedside jar with wide, thin, latex tubing.
Research Colostomy
The symphysis pubis is the frontal site of articulation between the two bones of the pubis. The symphysis is composed of hardened, calcified cartilage. It is covered by a thick pad of fat, called the mons pubis, which is just above the labia majora. Following puberty, the mons pubis is covered by hair, which remains through the life of the adult female.
Research Symphysis Pubis
A demi-greave or schynbald was an armour shin-pad protecting the front of the lower legs of a mediaeval knight.
Research Demi-greave
Digital pad is a computer program for the PC designed as a smart alternative to pen and paper, it allows you to leave a message on your bosses computer. An notification icon will appear in the system tray notifying him or her of the new message. This program supports in-box, history, background running, multi-user functionality, and various other features.
Research Digital Pad
A padsaw or pad saw, is a small handsaw consisting of a narrow blade inserted into a handle, and used for cutting holes.
Research Padsaw
The typewriter is a machine for printing letters singly on paper which is traversed and moved forward so as to allow writing to be performed. The first patent for a typewriter was filed in 1714 by the Englishman Henry Mills, but the first practical typewriter wasn't invented until 1843 by Charles Thurber. The modern typewriter owes much to the machines produced by Charles Latham Sholes which were adopted by the Remington and Son company of New York, their first machine going on sale in 1874. By the end of the 20th century the typewriter was obsolete, replaced by computerised word processing applications.
Remington's typewriter sold in 1874 had the type-bars pivoted about a horizontal ring, the arms of the type-bars being connected by vertical rods to the levers leading to the keyboard. A rubber cylinder moved the paper, and the impression of the type was supplied by an inked ribbon which unwound automatically from a spool. The pressing down and release of each key in turn moved the paper-carrying cylinder along one space by means of a spring. The roller was moved back and turned ready for the following line by hand. In the original machine each type-bar carried only one character, but later two were introduced on each, and in later machines still three. A shift key enabled any set of characters required to come into operation. By thus economy of keys one set was enabled to print capital and small letters, figures and certain standard punctuation marks, etc. without unduly enlarging the keyboard.
The Remington typewriter was followed by others embodying various new ideas and improvements. The keyboard became standardised, and various standard improvements were introduced such as a back spacing key which enabled the carriage to be reversed one space as necessary to retype a letter; two and three colour ribbons, etc.
Some early typewriters used an ink-pad, the type-bar being pressed against the ink pad before being brought into contact with the paper, but by the later 20th century these were extinct and all typewriters, whether manual or electric were using an inked ribbon.
Quite early some typewriters had their characters arranged on the circumference of a small wheel or small cylinder, which were automatically rotated as the type-key was depressed. Some later typewriters had their characters arranged around a small ball. Many typewriters had the capacity for the entire set of type-bars or type wheel to be interchanged, allowing different sets of characters to be printed.
Research Typewriter
LPB is an abbreviation for Launch Pad Building
Research LPB
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The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
©1993 - 2009 The Probert Encyclopaedia
Southampton, United Kingdom
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