Anthony Wayne (known as Mad Anthony) was an American insurgent. He was born in 1745 at Pennsylvania and died in 1796. A surveyor in early life, he became a member of the Legislature and Committee of Public Safety, and commanded a regiment in the Canadian invasion of 1775-1776. Later he had charge of the Ticonderoga forts. Being appointed brigadier-general he was in charge of a division at Brandywine and conducted a successful retreat. He was surprised at Paoli, commanded the right wing at Germantown, and was distinguished at Monmouth. His famous exploit was the storm of Stony Point, on July the 15th, 1779. General Wayne suppressed the mutiny of the troops at Morristown, in January, 1781, had an honourable part in Virginia the same year and in Georgia in 1783. He was a member of the Pennsylvania ratifying convention of 1787. When the Indian affairs required a decisive policy, he was made major-general, and inflicted an overwhelming blow at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, which led to an Indian treaty the following year. Research Anthony Wayne
Bonaparte was the French form which the great Napoleon was the first to give to the original Italian name Buona-parte, borne by his family in Corsica. As early as the 12th and 13th centuries there were families of this name in Northern Italy, members of which reached some distinction as governors of cities (podesta), envoys, etc. But the connection between the Corsican Bonapartes and these Italian families is not clearly established, though probably the former descended from a Genoese branch of the family, which transplanted itself about the beginning of the 16th century to Corsica, an island then under the jurisdiction of Genoa. From that time the Buona-partes ranked as a distinguished patrician family of Ajaccio.
About the middle of the 18th century there remained three male representatives of this family at Ajaccio, viz. the archdeacon Luciano Bonaparte, his brother Napoleon, and the nephew of both, Carlo, the father of the Emperor Napoleon I. Carlo or Charles Buonaparte, born in 1746, studied law at Pisa University, and on his return to Corsica married Letizia Ramolino. He fought under Paoli for the independence of Corsica, but when further resistance was useless he went over to the side of the French, and was included by Louis XV amongst the 400 Corsican families who were to have rights in France as noble. In 1777 he went to Paris, where he resided for several years, procuring a free admission for his second son Napoleon to the military school of Brienne. He died in 1785 at Montpellier. By his marriage with Letizia Ramolino he left eight children: Giuseppe, or Joseph, king of Spain; Napoleon I, emperor of the French; Lucien, prince of Canino; Maria Anna, afterwards called Elise, princess of Lucca and Piombino, and wife of Prince Bacciocchi, Luigi, or Louis, king of Holland; Garlotta, afterwards named Marie Pauline, princess Borghese, Annunciata, afterwards called Caroline, wife of Murat king of Naples; and Girolamo, or Jerome, king of Westphalia. Research Bonaparte
James Boswell was a Scottish biographer. He was born in 1740 at Edinburgh and died in 1795. The eldest son of LordAuchinleck, one of the supreme judges of Scotland, he studied law at Edinburgh and Cambridge, became a member of the Scottish bar, but never devoted himself with earnestness to his profession and cantered his ambitions on literature and politics. In l763 he became acquainted with Samuel Johnson - a circumstance which he himself calls the most important event of his life. He afterwards visited Voltaire at Eerney, Rousseau at Neufchatel, and Paoli in Corsica, with whom he became intimate. In 1768, when Corsica attracted so much attention, he published his account of Corsica, with Memoirs of Paoli. He became a member of the Literary Club in 1773. In 1785 he settled at London, and was called to the English bar. He wrote a biography of Samuel Johnson 'The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D.' Research James Boswell
Joseph Bonaparte was King of Naples and later King of Spain. He was born in 1768 at Corsica and died in 1844. The elder brother of Napoleon I, he was educated in France at the College of Autun, returned to Corsica in 1785, on his father's death, studied law, and in 1792 became a member of the new administration of Corsica under Paoli.
In 1793 he emigrated to Marseilles, and married the daughter of a wealthybanker named Clari. In 1796, with the rise of his brother to fame after the brilliant campaign of Italy, Joseph Bonaparte began a varied diplomatic and military career. At length, in 1806, Napoleon I, having himself assumed the imperial title in 1804, made Joseph King of Naples, and two years afterwards transferred him to Madrid as King of Spain. His position here, entirely dependent on the support of French armies, became almost intolerable. He was twice driven from his capital by the approach of hostile armies, and the third time, in 1813, he fled, not to return.
The Battle of Paoli, Pennsylvania was an engagement of the American War of Independence that occurred on September the 20th, 1776. The British, under Major-General Grey, made a night attack upon Wayne's encampment. The Americans were utterly surprised and could make no effective resistance. They were soundly defeated with the loss of 150 men. Research Battle of Paoli
The Scudo was an old Italian silver coin varying locally in value from 5 to 8 francs and subdivided into 10 paoli and 100 bajocchi. The Scudo was a gold coin struck at Rome by the French and valued at 17.25 francs. The Scudo was a silver coin minted around the start of the 20th century and equivalent to the American dollar or English crown, valued at 5 francs. Research Scudo
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