Research Results For 'Protector'

BAREBONES PARLIAMENT

The Barebones Parliament was the assembly summoned by Oliver Cromwell in July 1653, after he had dissolved the Rump Parliament. It consisted of 140 members chosen partly by the army leaders and partly by congregations of 'godly men'. Known initially as the Parliament of Saints, it was later nicknamed after 'Praise-God' Barbon, or Barebones, one of its excessively pious leaders. Its attacks on the Court of Chancery and on the Church of England alarmed both Cromwell and its more moderate members. The dissolution of this Parliament was followed by the Instrument of Government and the proclamation of Cromwell as Lord Protector.
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FAGGING

Fagging is a custom which formerly prevailed generally at most of the English schools, and was still practised at Eton, Winchester, Harrow, Rugby, and one or two other places at the start of the 20th century. It consists in making the junior boys act as servants or 'fags' in the performance of multifarious menial offices for the elder boys, such as carrying messages, preparing breakfast, etc, for their master, in return for which the elder boy accepts a certain responsibility for keeping order, and becomes the recognized adviser and protector of his 'fags.'
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EDMUND BEAUFORT

Edmund Beaufort (2nd duke of Somerset) was an English statesman and soldier. A son of John Beaufort, earl of Somerset, and the younger brother of the duke of Somerset, Edmund Beaufort won military successes in France and succeeded his brother as earl of Somerset in 1444, and as a Beaufort and a favourite of the king was made lieutenant of France in 1447, with the disastrous result that Henry VI lost the whole of Normandy in 1450. Edmund Beaufort returned to England and was appointed high constable in 1452. Popular discontent spread against the king and his supporters and when the Duke of York became protector during the king's temporary incapacity, Edmund Beaufort was sent to the Tower of London. After his release in 1455 the duke of York raised an army against Edmund Beaufort and fought the first battle of the Wars of the Roses at St Albans on May the 23rd 1455, at which Edmund Beaufort was killed.
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EDWARD PREBLE

Edward Preble was an American sailor. He was born in 1761 and died in 1807. He joined a privateer in 1777. In 1779 he engaged in the attacks of the Protector on the British privateer, Admiral Duff. He served on the Winthrop when that vessel captured an armed brig. He was commissioned lieutenant in 1798, and in 1799 commanded the Essex. In 1803 he commanded the Constitution and the squadron against the Barbary States. His operations resulted in the treaty of 1805, by which tribute by the United States and the slavery of Christian captives was abolished.
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EDWARD SEYMOUR

Edward Seymour (duke of Somerset) was an English statesman. He was born in 1506 and died in 1552. A son of Sir John Seymour, his early years were passed at court where he was attendant upon Henry VIII and Wolsey. In 1536 he was made a viscount, and in 1537 earl of Hertford, his sister Jane, having just been married to the king. In charge of the forces sent to Scotland in 1544, he took Edinburgh, and he gained further military experience on the borders and in France. In 1547, on the accession of Edward VI, Edward Seymour was a member of the council of regency. Almost at once he was chosen protector and made duke of Somerset, and for two years he governed England. He gained the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in 1547 and carried through a moderate reformation of the Church, and made an attempt to stop the enclosure of common lands. His policy and position, however, created enemies and foreign affairs started to go badly for England. This resulted in his fall secured by his rival the Duke of Northumberland who managed to have Edward Seymour tried and subsequently executed for treason in 1552.
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EDWARD V

Edward V was a King of England. He was born in 1470 and died in 1483. Edward V was the eldest son of Edward IV and reigned from April to June 1483, but was a minor, and his uncle Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was made Protector. Richard had been loyal throughout to his brother Edward IV including the events of 1470 to 1471, Edward's exile and their brother's rebellion (George Clarence, the Duke of Clarence, who was executed in 1478 by drowning, supposedly in a barrel of Malmsey wine). However, he was suspicious of the Woodville faction, possibly believing they were the cause of George Clarence's death. In response to an attempt by Elizabeth Woodville to take power, Richard and Edward V entered London in May, with Edward's coronation fixed for 22 June. However, in mid-June Richard assumed the throne as Richard III. Edward V and his younger brother Richard were declared illegitimate, taken to the Royal apartments at the Tower of London which was then a Royal residence, and never seen again.
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EDWARD VI

Edward VI was king of England from 1547 to 1553. He was born in 1537 at Hampton Court and died in 1553. He was the son of Henry VIII by Jane Seymour. Being only nine at his accession a council of regency was formed under his uncle the Earl of Hertford. Edward VI was intellectually precocious (fluent in Greek and Latin, he kept a full journal of his reign) but not physically robust. His short reign was dominated by nobles using the Regency to strengthen their own positions. The King's Council, previously dominated by Henry, succumbed to existing factionalism. On Henry's death, Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford and soon to be Duke of Somerset, the new King's eldest uncle, became Protector. Edward Seymour was an able soldier; he led a punitive expedition against the Scots, for their failure to fulfil their promise to betroth Mary, Queen of Scots to Edward, which led to Edward Seymour's victory at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in 1547 - although he failed to follow this up with satisfactory peace terms.

During Edward VI's reign, the Church of England became more explicitly Protestant - Edward VI himself was fiercely Protestant. The Book of Common Prayer was introduced in 1549, aspects of Roman Catholic practices (including statues and stained glass) were eradicated and the marriage of clergy allowed. The imposition of the Prayer Book (which replaced Latin services with English) led to rebellions in Cornwall and Devon.

Despite his military ability, Edward Seymour was too liberal to deal effectively with Kett's rebellion against land enclosures in Norfolk. Edward Seymour was left isolated in the Council and the Duke of Northumberland subsequently overthrew him in 1551. Edward Seymour was executed in 1552, an event which was briefly mentioned by Edward VI in his diary: 'Today, the Duke of Somerset had his head cut off on Tower Hill.'

Northumberland took greater trouble to charm and influence Edward VI; his powerful position as Lord President of the Council was based on his personal ascendancy over the King. However, the young King was ailing. Northumberland hurriedly married his son Lord Guilford Dudley to Lady Jane Grey, one of Henry VIII's great-nieces and a claimant to the throne. Edward VI accepted Lady Jane Grey as his heir and, on his death from tuberculosis in 1553, Lady Jane Grey assumed the throne.
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FREDERICK WILLIAM I

Frederick William I was a king of Prussia. He was born in 1688 and died in 1740. A son of Frederick I and father of Frederick the Great (Frederick II), while crown-prince in 1706 he married Sophia Dorothea, daughter of the Elector of Hanover, afterwards George I of England. On his accession to the throne, in 1713, he endeavoured to increase the army and reform the finances, and became the founder of the exact discipline and regularity which for a long time afterwards characterized the Prussian soldiers. He was very miserly, eccentric, and arbitrary. He opposed Charles XII, and was the protector of the neighbouring Protestant states. His ridiculous fondness for tall men was well known. He left behind him an abundant treasury, and an army of about 70,000 men. His affairs were in the greatest order and regularity, and to his energy Prussia was much indebted for that prosperity and success which distinguished her until she was humbled by the power of Napoleon.
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GENGHIS KHAN

Genghis Khan was a Mongolian chieftain and warrior. He was born in 1162 and died in 1227. His father was chief over thirty or forty clans, but paid tribute to the Tartar Khan. He succeeded his father when only fourteen years of age, and made himself master of the neighbouring tribes. A great number of tribes now combined their forces against him. But he found a powerful protector in the great Khan of the Karaite Mongols, Oung, or Ung, who gave him his daughter in marriage. After much intestine warfare with various Tartar tribes Genghis was proclaimed Khan of the United Mongol and Tartar tribes. He now professed to have a divine call to conquer the world, and the idea so animated the spirit of his soldiers that they were easily led on to new wars.

The country of the Uigurs, in the centre of Tartary, had long excited his ambition. This nation was easily subdued, and Genghis Khan was now master of the greatest part of Tartary. Soon after several Tartar tribes put themselves under his dominion, and in 1209 he passed the great wall of China. The conquest of China occupied the Mongols more than six years. The capital, then called Yenking, now Beijing, was taken by storm in 1215 and plundered. The murder of the ambassadors whom Genghis Khan had sent to the King of Kharism (now Khiva) occasioned the invasion of Turkestan in 1218 with an army of 700,000 men; and the two cities of Bokhara and Samarcand were stormed, pillaged, and burned. Seven years in succession was the conqueror busy in the work of destruction, pillage, and subjugation, and extended his ravages to the banks of the Dnieper.

In 1225, though more than sixty years old, he marched in person at the head of his whole army against the King of Tangut (South-western China), who had given shelter to two of his enemies, and had refused to give them up. A great battle was fought, in which the King of Tangut was totally defeated with the loss of 300,000 men. The victor remained some time in his newly-subdued provinces, from which he also sent two of his sons to complete the conquest of Northern China. At his death his immense dominions were divided among his four sons.
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GOTHS

The Goths were an ancient Teutonic tribe occupying when first known to history the region adjacent to the Black Sea north of the lower Danube. A people of similar name is mentioned by Tacitus as dwelling south of the Baltic, and Geats or Gauts are known to us from the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf as inhabitants of southern Sweden; but there is no necessary connection between these and the Goths proper. About the middle of the 3rdcentury these began to encroach on the Roman Empire. Having seized the Roman province of Dacia, they were assailed by Decius, whom they twice defeated. In 253 they captured Trebizond, where a large fleet of ships fell into their hands. With this force they sailed down the AEgean and plundered the coasts of Greece and Illyria. They now began to threaten Italy, but in 269 they were defeated with great slaughter by the Emperor Claudius. His successor Aurelian was, notwithstanding, compelled to cede to them the large province of Dacia, after which there was comparative peace between them for many years.

In the 4th century the great Gothic kingdom extended from the Don to the Theiss, and from the Black Sea to the Vistula and the Baltic. About the year 369 internal commotions produced the division of the Gothic kingdom into the kingdom of the Ostrogoths (eastern Goths) and the kingdom of the Visigoths (western Goths). In 396 Alaric, king of the Visigoths, made an irruption into Greece, laid waste the Peloponnesus, and became prefect of Illyria. He invaded Italy and sacked Rome in 409, and a second time in 410. After his death in 410 the Visigoths succeeded in establishing a new kingdom in the southern parts of Gaul and Spain, of which, towards the end of the 5th century, Provence, Languedoc, and Catalonia were the principal provinces, and Toulouse the seat of government. The last king, Roderick, died in 711 in battle against the Moors, who had crossed from Africa, and subsequently conquered the Gothic kingdom.

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, by the invasion of Odoacer in 476, the Eastern emperor, Zeno, persuaded Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, to invade Italy in 489. The Goth became king of Italy in 493, and laid the foundation of a new Ostrogothic kingdom, which, together with Italy, comprised Khastia (a part of Switzerland and the Tyrol), Vindelicia (part of Bavaria and Swabia), Noricum (Saltzburg, Stiria, Carinthia, Austria), Dalmatia, Pannonia (Further Hungary, Slavonia), and Dacia beyond the Danube (Transylvania, Walachia). This kingdom came to an end in 554. Subsequently the Goths both here and in Spain entirely disappeared as a distinct people.

Christianity appears to have taken root early among the Goths settled in Moesia, a Gothic bishop being mentioned as present at the council of Nicaea in 325. Their form of Christianity was Arianism, which was patronized by their protector Valens, and certainly adopted by their bishop, Ulfilas. The introduction of Christianity among the Goths, and the circumstance of their dwelling near, and even among civilized subjects of the Roman Empire, greatly contributed to raising them in civilization above the other German tribes. Bishop Ulfilas, in the 4th century, translated, if not the whole, at least the greater part of the Bible into Moeso-Gothic, using an alphabet which he formed out of those of the Greeks and Romans. Unfortunately only a small portion of this translation has come down to us; but this is quite sufficient to enable us to form an opinion of the language at that time, and is of the highest value from a philological point of view. Besides this translation there exist a few other monuments of the language, which are, however, of minor importance. Gothic was one of the Teutonic tongues, being accordingly a sister of Anglo-Saxon and English, German, Dutch, Danish, etc. Being committed to writing earlier than any other Teutonic language, Gothic exhibits peculiarities entirely its own, and hence its value in the study of Teutonic philology in general. It is richer in inflections than any other of the Teutonic tongues. Swedish is the least like the Gothic of all the Germanic dialects, and notwithstanding the name Gothland there is no evidence to show that the Goths ever formed part of the population of Scandinavia.
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