Iapetus is the eighth satellite of Saturn. It has a period of seventy-nine days, and an orbitalradius of 2, 225, 000 miles. Like the earth's moon, it always turns the same face towards its primary. Research Iapetus
The radian is the SI unit (symbolrad) of plane angles, an alternative unit to the degree. It is the angle at the centre of a circle when the centre is joined to the two ends of an arc equal in length to the radius of the circle. There are 2 pi (approximately 6.284) radians in a full circle (360 degrees). One radian is approximately 57 degrees, and 1 degree is pi/180 or approximately 0.0175 radians. Radians are commonly used to specify angles in polar co-ordinates. Research Radian
Telesto is a small satellite of Saturn. Telesto moves in an almost circular orbit of radius 294,660 km in a period of 1.888 days. Two other Saturnian satellites, Tethys and Calypso, have very similar orbits. Telesto is not spherical but rather ellipsoidal, with a mean diameter of 30 km. Research Telesto
The upas (Antiaris toxicaria) is a tree of the family Urticaceae, allied to the fig, hop and nettle, found in Java and exuding a milky white juice called antiarin which is allied to strychnia. The milky juice that exudes from the incised bark is extremely virulent and is used for poisoning arrows. On the basis of this single fact a mass of legend was built up, as, for example, the story that nothing could live within a considerable radius ten or twelve miles of the tree, so virulent was its effluvia. Research Upas
Brian Haw is an English peace campaigner. He was born in 1949. In 2001, Brian Haw commenced a constant vigil protest outside England's Houses of Parliament protesting against the USA led sanctions and bombing of Iraq. Within a year of his campaign starting, moves were made to evict Brian Haw under pretexts such as 'obstructing the highway' and supposed risks of terrorism, however all attempts failed and in 2005 the Home Secretary, Charles Clarke, passed a new law banning all spontaneous protests within a half-mile radius of the House of Parliament in direct contradiction to the rights established under the Human Rights Act. Research Brian Haw
The abductor pollicis longus muscle, combined with the extensor pollicis brevis, creates a narrow, triangular muscle form which wraps around the lower end of the radius. The abductor pollicis longus originates on the back side of the ulna and radius and inserts at the base of the metacarpal bone of the thumb near the palm. The abductor pollicis longus is innervated by the radial nerve and is supplied by branches of the radial artery. This muscle extends the thumb away from the hand. It also rotates and flexes the hand at the wrist. The combination of the abductor pollicis longus and the extensor pollicis brevis forms the oblique carpal muscle group. Research Abductor Pollicis Longus
The arm is the upper limb in man, connected with the thorax or chest by means of the scapula or shoulder-blade, and the clavicle or collar-bone. It consists of three bones, the arm-bone (Humerus), and the two bones of the forearm (radius and ulna), and it is connected with the bones of the hand by the carpus or wrist. The head or upper end of the arm-bone fits into the hollow called the glenoid cavity of the scapula, so as to form a joint of the ball-and-socket kind, allowing great freedom of movement to the limb. The lower end of the humerus is broadened out by a projection on both the outer and inner sides (the outer and inner condyles), and has a pulley-like surface for articulating with the fore-arm to form the elbow-joint. This joint somewhat resembles a hinge, allowing of movement only in one direction. The ulna is the inner of the two bones of the fore-arm. It is largest at the upper end, where it has two processes, the coronoid and the olecranon, with a deep groove between to receive the humerus. The radius - the outer of the two bones - is small at the upper and expanded at the lower end, where it forms part of the wrist-joint. The muscles of the upper arm are either flexors or extensors, the former serving to bend the arm, the latter to straighten it by means of the elbow-joint. The main flexor is the biceps, the large muscle which may be seen standing out in front of the arm when a weight is raised. The chief opposing muscle of the biceps is the triceps. The muscles of the fore-arm are, besides flexors and extensors, pronators and supinators, the former turning the hand palm downwards, the latter turning it upwards. The same fundamental plan of structure exists in the limbs of all vertebrate animals. Research Arm
The biceps brachii (biceps flexor cubiti) is a two-headed arm muscle that consists of the long head (caput longum), and the short head (caput breve). The long head originates from the supraglenoid tuberosity of the scapula and the short head originates from the coracoid process. The muscle extends from the shoulder to the elbow where the biceps tapers into a flat, strong tendon that inserts in the tuberosity on the upper end of the radius. It is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerves (5th and 6th crevical nerves) and is supplied by branches of the brachial artery. This muscle is the main flexor of the elbow joint. When working with other nearby muscles, it can also move the shoulder, since its upper ends are attached to the scapula. In addition it can twist the lower arm so that the palm faces outward, a movement called supination. The biceps and the triceps work together to control the up and down movement of the forearm. Research Biceps Brachii
Bones (or osseous material) serve a number of diverse purposes in the human anatomy. In addition to providing structure, protection, and support for the organs of the body, bones also house marrow, which produces blood cells. Within the bones are also stored the calcium deposits which the body may access, via resorption, when needed. Additionally, bones detoxify the system, by removing heavy metals, such as lead and arsenic, as well as other toxins, from the bloodstream. Osseous tissue itself is made of water (about 1/4 of the bone weight), organic material (about 1/3 of the bone weight, most of which is the protein, ossein) and inorganic minerals (calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium predominate, though iron, sodium, potassium, chlorine, and fluorine are also present in small amounts). Most bones (with the exception of those of the skull) are initially pre-formed in cartilage and are then ossified as the newborn develops.
Two basic classification methods exist to categorize the bones of the body. These two classification systems are based upon anatomical location (axial or appendicular), and shape (long, short, flat, and irregular). Axial bones are the eighty bones which lie along the central, vertical axis of the body and support and protect the head and torso and include the skull and the spinal column.
Appendicular bones include the one hundred twenty-six bones which comprise the appendages, including the shoulders and hips, arms and legs, hands and feet, and fingers and toes. The shape classifications include long bones (such as the radius, humerus, and femur), the short bones (such as the carpals, tarsals, and manual and pedal phalanges), flat bones (such as the sternum, cranium bones, and scapulae), and irregular
bones (such as the vertebrae). Research Bone
The brachioradialis (supinator longus) originates two-thirds of the way down the humerus between the triceps and the brachialis. The muscle begins wide and flat and twists toward the front of the arm as it descends. It then widens and flattens again before ending in a flat tendon, which inserts on the thumb side of the radius. It is innervated by branches of the radial nerve and supplied by radial recurrent artery. Unlike most of the long tendons of the forearm, the tendon does not cross the wrist joint, but rather ends at the distal end of the radius. This muscle bends the forearm at the elbow. It does not assist in turning the forearm. Research Brachioradialis
The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
Abbreviations
Research Iapetus
