The angelus is a Roman Catholic devotion in honour of the Incarnation, instituted by Urban II. It consists of three texts, each said as versicle and response, and followed by the salutation of Gabriel. Research Angelus
Botanomancy is divination by means of plants, or more accurately leaves. Words were written on large leaves which were then exposed to the wind. The remaining leaves providing the response. Research Botanomancy
The Chevrolet Corvair was an American low-priced economy car produced from 1959 to 1969 in response to imports of European economy cars. The Chevrolet Corvair was produced in various models, including a four-door saloon and a convertible. They were powered by either a 2377 or 2684 cc air-cooled flat six engine rated at between 80 and 180 bhp providing a top speed of between 140 and 170 kmh. Research Chevrolet Corvair
Around 1708 an Act was passed in England for the better protection of property and life from fire making it compulsory for every parish in England to maintain fire-engines and ladders, to be paid for out of the rates. The 1708 Act did not, however, provide any instructions for the use of the equipment, which subsequently was unmanned in the event of fires and so the fire insurance companies established brigades of fire-fighters. These private brigades, paid for by individual companies, often refused to fight fires at uninsured properties or at properties insured by other fire insurance companies.
In 1833, in response to the neglect of the fire-fighting equipment, the London fire brigades were amalgamated into the London Fire-engine establishment by Charles Bell Ford director of the Sun Fire-office company. This new brigade had 80 men and 19 fire stations. In 1862 a commission recommended the establishment of a fire brigade and this was effected by the Metropolitan Fire-Brigade Act of 1865, resulting in the private London fire-brigade being taken over by the Metropolitan Board of Works. At the same time, while a few major cities in England and Scotland had paid fire-brigades, other towns in Britain had volunteer forces. Within 30 years national fire-brigades had been established with 400 brigades nationwide employing over 30,000 firemen.
At the end of the 19th century the London Fire-Brigade was manned by 800 seamen and equipped with fire-engines, both land based and water-based 'fire-floats' manufactured by the Merryweather company which had been making fire-fighting engines since 1694. In 1889 an Act allowed London's fire-fighters to be recruited from all walks of life, not just sailors. Research Fire Brigade
The Grey Coat Hospital is a Church of England comprehensive school for girls founded in 1698 at Westminster and reconstituted in 1873. The original school was founded in 1697, opening in 1698, by a group of citizens in response to crime in the area to educate forty street urchins and poor children. The first pupils were boys and in 1874 the old boarding school became a day school for girls. In the 20th century the school became a grammar school before in 1977 becoming a comprehensive, joining with another school (St Michael's) and in 1998 moved to new premises in Regency street. Research Grey Coat Hospital
The Inquisition was the name of two historic Roman Catholic tribunals. The first, mediaeval Inquisition was established in 1233 by Pope Gregory X in response to the spread of heretical sects, such as the Albigenses and Waldenses in northern Italy, southern France, and Germany. Judges of the Inquisition were chosen from among the Dominicans to try and judge cases of heresy, then considered intolerable by civil and ecclesiastical authorities alike. If found guilty of heresy, the heretic was turned over to secular authorities for punishment. Though burning at the stake was the ultimate penalty for unrecanted heresy, this penalty was uncommon in mediaeval times. The usual punishment was penance, fine, or imprisonment. Torture was used in the civil courts of the time and was also admitted in trials for heresy by Innocent IV in 1252, despite earlier papal denunciations of torture.
During the Catholic Reformation, the functions of the mediaeval Inquisition were assigned to the Holy Office in 1542. Called the Roman Inquisition, it was active against Protestantism and heard charges of heresy against Galileo in what became a famous trial. Its typical function in modern times was the examination of theological writings. The Holy Office was replaced by the Roman Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in 1965. The Spanish Inquisition was a quasi- ecclesiastical tribunal established in 1478 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella primarily to examine converted Jews, and later converted Muslims, and punish those who were insincere in the conversion.
Pope Sixtus IV reluctantly approved the Spanish Inquisition, which was largely controlled by the Spanish monarchs. The Grand Inquisitor was always a Dominican, however, and the first and most notorious was T. de Torquemada. The Spanish Inquisition was much harsher than the mediaeval Inquisition and the death penalty was more often exacted, sometimes in mass autos-da-fe. It judged cases of bigamy, seduction, usury, and other crimes, and was active in Spain and her colonies. Estimates of its victims vary widely, ranging from less than 4,000 to more than 30,000 during its existence. By the 17th century the harshness of the Inquisition was greatly reduced and it was abolished altogether in 1834. Research Inquisition
The Kentucky Resolutions were the outgrowth, together with the Virginia Resolutions, of a feeling in the United States that the Federal party was making a strained and illegitimate use of the powers granted to the Federal Government by the American Constitution. The resolutions were directly due to the passage of the Alien and Sedition laws. The Kentucky Resolutions were framed by Thomas Jefferson, and introduced, in 1798, into the Kentucky Legislature by John Breckenridge. They were passed for the purpose of defining the strict construction view of the relative powers of State and Government.
There were nine in number. They declared that the Union was not based on the principle of unlimited submission to the General Government; that the Constitution was a compact, to which each State was a party as over against its fellow States; and that, in all cases not specified in the compact each party had a right to judge for itself, as well of infractions as of the mode and measure of redress. They proceeded to set forth the unconstitutionality of the Alien and Sedition Acts, and invited other States to join in declaring them void. No favourable response was evoked. In 1799 the Kentucky Legislature went further, and declared a nullification of a Federal law by a State to be the rightful remedy in cases of Federal usurpation. Upon these resolutions the doctrines of nullification and secession in the USA were later founded. Research Kentucky Resolutions
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is an American organisation founded in 1909 to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination within the USA.
The NAACP works towards a society in which all individuals have equal rights and there is no racial hatred or racial discrimination. Though, in 2007, after nearly one hundred years and with racism rife in the USA this objective seems almost a pipedream. Indeed in October 2007 the NAACP declared a State of Emergency in response to the recent surge in assaults against young African Americans as demonstrated by the boot camp beating death of Martin Lee Anderson, noose hangings in Jena, Louisiana and other communities, and the assault by police on Shelwanda Riley a 15-year old girl who was thrown around, punched and pepper sprayed by a Fort Pierce, Floridapolice officer, a man roughly twice her size, as he tried to arrest her for a non-violent curfew violation.
To ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of all citizens
To achieve equality of rights and eliminate race prejudice among the citizens of the United States
To remove all barriers of racial discrimination through democratic processes
To seek enactment and enforcement of federal, state, and local laws securing civil rights
To inform the public of the adverse effects of racial discrimination and to seek its elimination
To educate persons as to their constitutional rights and to take all lawful action to secure the exercise thereof, and to take any other lawful action in furtherance of these objectives, consistent with the NAACP's Articles of Incorporation and this Constitution.
Pony girls is a form of adult sexual entertainment role play or fantasy in which women pretend to be a horse or pony (a pet for their master) while their sexual partner pretends to be the horse or pony's master (known as the top). Pony girls are, therefore, a branch of the bondage and domination, the animal training group of sexgames and frequently the sex play involves sado-masochism also.
The pony girl participant (also known as the bottom) takes her role play very seriously. Prancing on her legs, with her arms held close to her sides, the elbows extended forwards, and the wrists allowed to droop, in a fashion not dissimilar to a pony raised on its hind legs and prancing.
Elaborate attire is often employed to enhance the effect. A plume in imitation of the type of plume that is sometimes seen adorning a pony's head may be worn upon the head. Other participants prefer a headdress which includes imitation horse's ears. A fake horse's tail is worn behind, either held by being tucked into a belt or strap around the waist, or sometimes fitted with an anal plug for insertion into the pony girl's anus.
Harness straps, similar to those one might find adorning a real pony or horse are worn around the body, as is a bridle comprising a headstall, bit inserted in the mouth and reins. Sometimes blinkers are also worn, depending upon the preference of the participants. These components provide a sense of bondage and heighten the sexual sensations immensely for both the pony girl and her master. Some pony girls also wear boots in imitation of horse's hooves upon their feet.
Some pony girl games involve humiliation, with the pony girl being the master's pet, or pony slave, being forcibly trained and abused by the master from which both participants derive great sexual excitement.
Pony girl sexgames properly require to be played in the open air. The very nature of a horse demands a field or largish area of open space at least in which to conduct the fantasy. A typical session may include training, in which the pony girl properly attired is attached to a long lead, just like a pony when it is being trained, and trots around the master at some little distance in response to suitable commands such as trot and walk, etc.
Following training, a pony girl may be hitched to a small trap which she is then required to pull while the master sits in the trap and encourages the pony with the use of a whip, again, just like with a real pony. Other participants may attach a horse's saddle to the pony girl, who having adopted a posture on all-fours is then ridden by the master like he would ride a real pony. A variation of this is when the pony is a man and the master is a woman - a dominatrix. In this instance, sometimes the dominatrix, attired perhaps in full riding regalia, will ride upon the pony's shoulders with her feet resting in stirrups suspended by suitable harnesses from the man's shoulders or attached to his wrists which are in turn attached to a harness or belt passing around his waist.
By the very nature of the pony girl fantasy sex game, it is usual for the participants, and the pony in particular, to be in some degree of undress. Often the pony girl will be naked except for the leather straps - usually of black leather studded with silver metal coloured discs, rings and chains - and plumes, or at least with her breasts exposed. If the pony girl has pierced nipples, these nipple rings are frequently attached by chains to the headstall, providing her with further stimulation of the nipples during the fantasy. The feet are sometimes bare, but most often adorned with high-heeled platform shoes or custom ankle boots adorned to represent a horse's hooves. Rarely the pony girl will also wear imitation horses hooves gloves. But most frequently the hands are left natural.
Other participants may dress the pony girl in tight latex, or leather wear. In order to enhance the fantasy costume and attire are very important. The fantasy would be lacking realism if the pony girl wore simply street clothes and had a simple rope for reins. Instead, appropriate bondage wear is utilised to enhance the sexuality of the game. The master also is usually dressed up. Riding wear, such as jodhpurs, a riding hat and boots being popular, or else more common bondage master wear, such as tight latex or leather with high stiletto heeled boots enhancing the degree of menace and authority of the master.
During training the pony girl may choose the level of obedience she wishes to portray. A disobedient pony may be whipped, or shouted at. A well behaved pony girl may be fed a sugar cube as a reward, taking the sugar from the master's hand with just her mouth, just as one might reward a real pony. Appropriate pony-like noises are expressed by the pony girl, such as snorting like a pony which further add realism to the fantasy.
The pony girl fantasy may be played by two or more participants, and is often played by three with a single master and two ponies. Pony boys are a variation in which a man or men play the role of the submissive pony, and the master may be another man or more often a dominant female partner - a dominatrix. Research Pony Girl
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