Research Results For 'SPANS'

TAY BRIDGE DISASTER

The Tay Bridge Disaster was the collapse of the original railway bridge over the Firth of Tay on December the 28th 1879 during a night gale. While a train was crossing the bridge, thirteen of the main central spans gave way and the train fell ninety feet into the river. The disaster marked the loss of one third of the bridge which had only been built a year earlier.
Research Tay Bridge Disaster

PTERODACTYLUS

Pterodactylus was a dinosaur of the family Pterodactylidae, of the late Jurassic period. Remains of Pterodactylus have been found in Europe and East Africa, but only rarely. There were various species of Pterodactylus with wing spans up to about 50 cm - with one species reaching a wing span of 250 cm, and all characterised by a short tail consisting of a few small caudal vertebrae, and having a long, elongated beak. It is likely that Pterodactylus fed on insects and small fish.
Research Pterodactylus

RHAMPHORHYNCHUS

Rhamphorhynchus was a dinosaur of the family Rhamphorhynchidae, of the mid to late Jurassic period. Rhamphorhynchus was a pterosaur which hade evolved from earlier, similar dinosaurs over 70 million years. Rhamphorhynchus was a long-tailed flying dinosaur, various species have been identified with wing spans of between 40 cm and 175 cm, their remains having been found in Europe and East Africa. The skull of Rhamphorhynchus was large, elongated and with a pointed front end. The neck was short and compact, comprised of short vertebrae. The jaws were furnished with long, pointed teeth that curved forwards and outwards indicating they were used to catch moving prey. The arms were highly modified as wings, and an adaptation in the wrist supported a membrane which ran across to the neck and may have prevented the animal from stalling in low speed flight.
Research Rhamphorhynchus

ATRIUM

Research Atrium

SKULL

The skull is one of the principle groups of bones in the human anatomy. The skull consists of twenty-six bones: eight bones form the skull, which houses the brain and ear ossicles, plus fourteen facial bones, which form the front of the face, jaw, nose, orbits, and the roof of the mouth, three more bones make up the inner ear ossicles, and one more, the hyoid bone, is in the neck and is attached to the temporal bone by ligaments and anchors the tongue. The skull also contains a dental arcade of teeth, which are technically not bones, though they do share some of the compositional characteristics of bone tissue. Children may grow twenty deciduous teeth, which will eventually fall out and be replaced by the permanent teeth.

The bones of the skull include the frontal bone, the occipital bone, two parietal bones, and two temporal bones. The lower rearmost part of each temporal bone is called the mastoid process, but because it is separated from the temporal bone, proper, by a suture, it is often considered a separate bone. The sphenoid bone forms the central base of the skull and spans the skull from side to side, the greater wings forming side plates of the skull. The sections of the ethmoid bone are positioned between the orbits, forming the walls and roof of the nasal cavity, while the three middle ear ossicles (stapes, malleus, and incus) are located within the temporal bones on each side of the skull. The U-shaped hyoid bone is found in the neck, and is attached by ligaments to the temporal bones. In the face, the two maxillary bones form much of the orbits, nose, upper jaw and roof of the mouth, while the zygomatic bones form the cheeks. The lachrymal bones are located on the inner sides of the orbits and are attached to the ethmoid bone and maxillary bones. Within the nasal cavity, the vomer is located in the low center and forms the thin flat bone of the nasal septum, while two inferior urbinates form the lower sides of the cavity and two palate bones form the floor of the nasal cavity as well as the roof of the mouth.

The mandible is the only movable part of the skull, forming the lower jaw and mounting the teeth. The bones of the skull, with the exception of the mandible, are held together by very thin sutures, or seams, in which the periosteum of the individual bones interweave with each other, and are cemented by a fibrous, connective tissue. In the newborn, these sutures are not yet developed, with the bones being attached by cartilage which ossifies over time as the bones of the skull fuse together. The most evident external sutures of the skull include the coronal suture, joining the frontal bone and parietal bone, the sagittal suture, joining the parietal bones to each other, the lambdoid suture, joining the occipital and parietal bones, the squamous suture, joining the temporal and sphenoid bones to the parietal bone on each side of the skull.

The pterion is the short segment of the suture joining the squamous and parietal bones. The bones of the skull also feature a number of sinuses and foramina. Four pairs of sinuses flank the nasal cavity. Two are found in the maxillary bone, and are called maxillary sinuses. The sphenoid bone forms two paranasal sinuses called the sphenoids, and the ethmoid bone forms the two paranasal sinuses called ethmoids. Additionally, the frontal sinuses are located in the frontal bone just behind the roof of each orbit. The foramen magnum is a large, round opening in the base of the skull which admits the spinal cord, while at the base of each temporal bone is the external auditory meatus, which serve as the auditory canals. Just above each orbit in the frontal bone is a small notch or hole, called a supraorbital foramen, and just below each orbit, in the maxillary bone, is an infraorbital foramen. Two more openings, one on each side of the skull, can be found in the frontal processes of the zygomatic bones, and are called zygomatofacial foramina.

On each side of the mandible, just below the lower canines, are the mental foramina. These facial foramina serve to admit blood vessels and nerves through and into the bone. The teeth are mounted in the maxillary bone and the mandible, and are brought together for chewing by the hinge-like motion of the mandible. An average adult will have thirty-two teeth, evenly arrayed on the maxilla and mandible.
Research Skull

SPHENOID BONE

The sphenoid bone is one of the cranial bones and spans the inside of the skull laterally. The sphenoid bone has four wings: two greater and two lesser. The greater wings form part of the sides of the skull, with one greater wing on each side and extending inward to form also part of the back surface of each orbital cavity. The two lesser wings form a small part of the back surfaces of the orbital cavities, and meet in the middle of the skull. The sphenoid bone features two paranasal cavities, or sinuses, called the sphenoids.
Research Sphenoid Bone

TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS

The transversus abdominis (transversalis abdominis) is a broad, flat muscle of the abdomen that is named after the direction of its fibres. The muscle lies just below the internal oblique, originating from the lumbar fascia, iliac crest, and inguinal ligament (Poupart's ligament). It spans the area from the pelvis to the abdomen and inserts in the xiphoid cartilage and linea alba. The transversus abdominis is innervated by the lower thoracic nerves and supplied by the lumbar arteries. This muscle assists in breathing.
Research Transversus Abdominis

SLINGSBY DART

The Slingsby T51 Dart was a British single-seat Standard Class sailplane first flown in 1963. The Slingsby T51 Dart was a shoulder-wing cantilever monoplane produced in various wing spans with a top speed of 216 kmh in smooth air.
Research Slingsby Dart

CAPITAL ASSET

A capital asset (fixed asset) is an asset that is expected to be used for a considerable time in a trade or business. Examples of capital assets in most businesses are land and buildings, plant and machinery, investments in subsidiary companies, goodwill, and motor vehicles, although in the hands of dealers these assets would become current assets. The costs of these assets are normally written off against profits over their expected useful life spans by deducting an item for depreciation from their book value each year.
Research Capital Asset

MANAGEMENT CONSULTANT

A management consultant is a professional adviser who specializes in giving advice to organizations on ways for improving their efficiency and hence their profitability. They come into an organization as total outsiders, uninfluenced by either internal politics or personal relationships, and analyse the way the business is run. At the end of a period, during which two or more members of the consultant firm have spent a considerable time in the organization, they provide a detailed report, giving their suggestions for improving efficiency. Their advice usually spans board-level policy- making and planning, the use of available resources (department by department), the best use of manpower, and a critical assessment of industrial relations, production, marketing, and sales.
Research Management Consultant

	The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by Matt and Leela Probert ©1993 - 2009 The Probert Encyclopaedia Southampton, United Kingdom