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In the East Indies, attar is a general term for a perfume made from flowers. In Europe the term is generally used only of the attar or otto of roses, an essential oil made from Rosa centifolia, the hundred-leaved or cabbage-rose, Rosa damascena or damask-rose, Rosa moschdta or musk-rose, etc, 100,000 roses yielding only 180 grains of attar. Cashmere, Shiraz, and Damascus are celebrated for its manufacture, and there are extensive rose farms in the valley of Kezanlik in Roumelia and at Ghazipur in Benares. The oil is at first greenish, but afterwards it presents various tints of green, yellow, and red. It is concrete at all ordinary temperatures, but becomes liquid about 84 degrees Fahrenheit. It consists of two substances, a hydrocarbon and an oxygenated oil, and is frequently adulterated with the oils of rhodium, sandal-wood, and geranium, with the addition of camphor or spermaceti.
 Research Attar
Adenanthera is a genus of trees and shrubs native to the East Indies and Ceylon of the family Leguminosae. Adenanthera pavonina is one of the largest and most handsome trees of India, and yields hard solid timber called red sandal-wood. The bright scarlet seeds, from their equality in weight (each weighing four grains), are used by goldsmiths in the East as weights.
Research Adenanthera
The Battle of Wakefield occurred on the 30th of December 1460 during the Wars of the Roses. Following the Battle of Northampton, king Henry had agreed to grant right of succession to the Duke of York and his heirs upon his death, but queen Margaret refused to disinherit her son. Margaret mustered a large army in north Wales and the Duke of York and an army of some five or six thousand marched from London to meet her in battle. The Duke of York reached his castle at Sandal and a few days later the larger Lancastrian army reached him.
Details of the battle are scarce, but reports indicate that the Duke of York refused to await reinforcements and marched his army out of the castle to meet the Lancastrians who were waiting between Sandal and Wakefield. The Duke of York, heavily outnumbered, marched into a pincer movement and was quickly defeated, the Duke of York being among the dead which also included many more prominent Yorkists.
Research Battle of Wakefield
The SS-4 (NATO codename Sandal or Shyster) was a Soviet medium-range ballistic missile based upon the German V2 rocket of the Second World War and first issued in 1958 and phased out from 1977 onwards. The SS-4 had a range of 2000 km, a flight speed of Mach 6.5 and carried a high-explosive or 1 MT nuclear warhead.
Research SS-4
A cresida sandal was a leather sandal worn in Ancient Rome. The sandal comprised leather wrapped around the foot and ankle, but not the toe, and laced up.
Research Cresida Sandal
A flip flop is a simple rubber-soled sandal with a strapping that fits between the big toe and second toe.
Research Flip Flop
A Jesus sandal is a sandal consisting of a sole held to the foot by two sets of starps, one around the abkle and the other across the base of the toes.
Research Jesus Sandal
A kaparring is a traditional type of wooden sandal worn by Cape Malays.
Research Kaparring
A kub-kob is a Turkish rigid sandal held on the foot by a single band across the foot above the toes. Traditionally the kub-kob is decorated with inlaid mother-of-pearl and silver.
Research Kub-Kob
A Roman sandal is a leather sandal with multiple straps and button fastening.
Research Roman Sandal
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The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
©1993 - 2009 The Probert Encyclopaedia
Southampton, United Kingdom
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