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The clove hitch is a knot. Formerly in scaffolding the poles were lashed, and a clove hitch started the lashing.
 Research Clove hitch
Tissue restoration by grafting is the replacement of damaged or lost skin by healthy skin removed from other parts of the body is now commonplace and a procedure which forms part of the routine treatment in hospital accident units. Skin grafting is by no means confined to plastic surgical centres and the general surgeon may be called upon at any time to cut skin grafts to bridge the gaps left in the treatment of malignant or other disease. Bone is similarly grafted from one part of the body to another in the repair of fractures or to fix joints which have become painful or unstable.
Damaged sections of nerves are sometimes replaced by using healthy sections of less- important nerves. Tendons may be transplanted to alter the function of muscles. In all these instances grafted tissue is known as a 'homograft'. Homografting of blood vessels is undertaken, but recently arterial grafting using arteries from other human beings has been made possible. Occasionally bone is transplanted from one individual to another and the cornea obtained from the healthy eye of a person recently dead, is used to restore sight to patients blinded by corneal scarring. When the transplanted tissue comes from a source other than the patient's own body - in other words there is a donor - it is described as a ' heterograft'. In some instances, the living tissue from the donor becomes part of the living tissue of the recipient. This is so in the case of the cornea which is nourished by tissue fluid and has no direct blood supply. Live sections of endocrine glands including the ovary and the adrenal have been transplanted from one human being to another and the grafted tissue has continued its normal function of producing a hormone. Other tissues which are transplanted, such as arteries, never become part of the living structure of the recipient patient but merely act as a temporary scaffolding which serves the function of the replaced tissue. This scaffolding is gradually invaded and replaced by growing tissues from the structure into which it has been built.
The great risk and difficulty in tissue grafting is that the cells of the graft are called upon to live on a very low supply of oxygen during the period required for new blood vessels to grow into the graft from the tissues round about. During that interval of lowered vitality, the graft is very liable to infection. Since the introduction of antibiotics and other means of controlling infection, many new forms of tissue grafting have been made possible while the well established techniques of skin grafting have become much more extensive. With the introduction of chemically stable metals (e.g. vitallium) and 'plastics', a new field of ' replacement' surgery opened. Metallic and plastic joints are now a practical proposition to replace joints wrecked by arthritis.
Research Tissue Restoration by Grafting
In architecture a brace is a piece of material used to transmit, or change the direction of, weight or pressure; any one of the pieces, in a frame or truss, which divide the structure into triangular parts. It may act as a tie, or as a strut, and serves to prevent distortion of the structure, and transverse strains in its members. A boiler brace is a diagonal stay, connecting the head with the shell.
In scaffolding, a brace is a tube inserted diagonally in a scaffold to give stability and to prevent the tendency for the framework to fold.
In scaffolding, a bridle is a horizontal scaffold tube secured between two putlogs to give support to intermediate transoms across window openings.
Research Bridle
In scaffolding, a butting tube is a very short piece of tube used in tubular scaffolding to make it possible for a diagonal brace to be fastened to a standard with right-angled couplers instead of with swivel couplers, thereby giving extra strength to the structure.
Research Butting Tube
Finial is a term used in Gothic architecture to describe the ornamental top of a gable, pinnacle, minaret, buttress or spire. The earliest finials, in the later half of the 10th century, were representations of bunches of leaves; but later developments of the same period are marked by greater elaboration.
In scaffolding, a finial is a fitting designed to hold a horizontal tube directly above the vertical tubes so as to form a guard rail or barrier. Finials are available in both fixed, for making right-angled joints and swivelling for producing joints at other angles.
Research Finial
In scaffolding, a joint pin or spigot, is an internal connection used for joining two metal tubes together, end to end. Joint pins are fitted with a screw by which the device can be expanded to grip the inside of the tubes firmly.
Research Joint Pin
In architecture a ledger is a large flat stone, especially one laid over a tomb. The term is also applied to a horizontal piece of timber secured to the uprights and supporting floor timbers, a staircase, scaffolding, or the like. It differs from an intertie in being intended to carry weight.
In scaffolding, a ledger is a primary horizontal member used to tie the scaffolding longitudinally and support the transoms and putlogs.
Research Ledger
A podger is a tool used in the erection of scaffolding for tightening up the couplers.
Research Podger
In architecture, a puncheon is any vertical scaffold tube used in the erection of tubular scaffolding, which is not supported upon the ground or upon a base plate.
Research Puncheon
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The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
©1993 - 2009 The Probert Encyclopaedia
Southampton, United Kingdom
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