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The Fourth International was a body of Trotskyite organisations formed in 1938 in opposition to the Stalin- dominated Third International.
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Soviet is a Russian word meaning 'council' and describes a system invented by the Englishman James Elishama Smith, and adopted by the Russians where by organised industries or trades, and not localities are the unit of representation and delegation. The Soviets were elected councils, anyone over the age of 18 able to vote so long as they were a worker, or looked after a worker, or were a former worker etc., thus excluding people who lived by exploiting others. The system was effectively spoiled by Stalin and eventually was broken in the 1990s by corruption and greed.
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Giorgiy Malenkov was a Soviet statesman. He was born in 1902 and died in 1988. He was the Soviet premier from 1953 to 1955. He joined the Communist Party in 1920 and was involved in the collectivisation of agriculture and the purges of the 1930s under Stalin. He became a member of the Politburo and deputy premier in 1946, succeeding Stalin as Party first secretary and premier in 1953. In 1955 he resigned as premier, admitting responsibility for the failure of the Soviet agricultural policy, and in 1957 was sent to Kazakhstan as the manager of a hydroelectric plant.
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Grigory Yevseyevich Zinoviev was a Russian communist politician. He was born in 1883 and died in 1936. His name was attached to the forged Zinoviev letter inciting Britain's communists to rise, which helped to topple the Labour government 1924. A prominent Bolshevik, Zinoviev returned to Russia in 1917 with Lenin and played a leading part in the Revolution. He became head of the Communist International in 1919. As one of the 'Old Bolsheviks', he was seen by Stalin as a threat. He was accused of complicity in the murder of the Bolshevik leader Sergei Kirov in 1934, and was tried and shot.
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Joseph Stalin (Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili) was a Soviet revolutionary and leader. He was born in 1879 at Tblisi, Georgia and died in 1953. Educated for the priesthood at The Theological Seminary, he was expelled for preaching Marxism and joined the Bolshevik opposition for which he was arrested and deported to Siberia. He became close with Lenin and took part in the 1917 revolution, becoming leader in 1924 upon the death of Lenin.
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Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov was a Russian politician and soldier. He was born in 1881 near Dneppropetrovsk, Ukraine and died in 1969. In 1903 he joined the Bolshevik movement, leading to his exile in Siberia. He returned to Russia and fought in the Great War and the revolution of 1917, and in 1935 was appointed Marshall of the Soviet Union. In 1925 he was appointed Commissar for Defence, a post he held until 1940 when he became commander-inchief of the Russian Northern Army, leading the legendary defence of Leningrad at which he urged the people to 'take up your arms and defend the city at all costs'. Upon the death of Stalin in 1953 he became President of the Soviet Union, apost he held until 1960.
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Lev Davidovich Trotsky (real name Leiba Bronstein) was a Russian Soviet leader. He was born in 1877. In 1899 he was arrested at Odessa as a member of the South Russian Workmen's League, and was banished to Siberia for four years, but escaped three years into his exile. During the attempted revolution in Petrograd un 1905 he was president of the Petrograd Council of workmen, was again arrested, and banished to Siberia for life. Six months later he escaped and spent some years living in France, Switzerland and elsewhere, working as a journalist.
At the outbreak of the Great War, he was in Paris editing a Russian Socialist newspaper. At Petrograd during the revolution of 1917, he became a supporter of Lenin, and taking part in the abortive outbreak in July against the government of Kerensky, he was arrested and imprisoned. Liberated in September he began a campaign of intrigue against Kerensky.
Elected president of the Petrograd Soviet, after a time he formed the Bolshevist Revolutionary Committee, which in November started the coup d'etat that led to Kerensky's fall. Later with Lenin he seized power and established the Council of the people's Commissioners, Lenin being its president and Trotsky commissary for foreign affairs. In 1918 he became commissary for war, and in 1921 wrote 'The defence of terrorism'.
Trotsky was later assassinated, while in exile in South America, under orders from Stalin.
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The IS-2 (Josef Stalin) was a Russian 'heavy' tank of the Second World War. It weighed 45 tonnes, had a crew of four and a 600 bhp diesel engine giving a speed of 23 mph and a range of 150 km. Armour thickness reached 90 mm on the hull sides, 30 mm on the turret sides, 120 mm on the hull front and 100 mm on the turret front. It was armed with a 122 mm main gun, one 12.7 mm machine-gun and one 7.62 mm machine-gun.
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Children Of The Revolution is a comedy starring Judy Davis, Sam Naill, Richard Roxburgh and Rachel Griffiths in a story about a dedicated Australian Communist woman who is rewarded by meeting with Joseph Stalin and subsequently having an affair with him that produces a son who grows up with his own political ambitions. Children Of The Revolution was directed by Peter Duncan in 1996.
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The Stalin (formerly the Samson) was a Russian Uritski Class minelayer destroyer of 1150 tons displacement launched in 1915. The Stalin was powered by oil-fuelled Thornycroft boilers providing a top speed of 30 knots and carried a complement of 157. She was armed with four 3.9 inch guns; one 3 inch anti-aircraft gun; one machine-gun; nine 18 inch torpedo tubes arranged in three triples and carried mines.
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The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
©1993 - 2009 The Probert Encyclopaedia
Southampton, United Kingdom
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