Ada Negri was an Italian poet. She was born in 1870 and died in 1945. Her first book of verses, 'Fatalita/Destiny', was published in 1892 and her success was rapid. Her early poetry was that of an authentic daughter of the people, and was filled with a sense of revolt. The later work lost some of its spontaneity and became more classical in form although her themes were still humanitarian and feminist. Among her books of poems are 'Tempeste' published in 1895, 'Maternita' published in 1904, 'Esilio' published in 1914, 'Il libro diMara' published in 1919, 'I canti dell'isola' published in 1925, and 'Vespertina' published in 1931. In the novel 'Stella Mattutina' published in 1921 she gave a lyrical description in poetic prose of her childhood. Research Ada Negri
Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe was a German poet and writer. He was born in 1749 at Frankfort-on-the-Main and died in 1832. His father, who was a Doctor of Laws and imperial councillor, was a well-to-do citizen and an admirer of the fine arts. The Seven Years' War broke out when Johann Goethe was eight years old, and Count de Thorane, lieutenant du roi of the French army in Germany, was quartered in the house of his father. The count, being an amateur and liberal patron of art, encouraged the boy's incipient taste for pictures. At the same time young Johann Goethe learned the French language practically; and a French theatrical company, then performing at Frankfort, awakened his taste for dramatic performances. Drawing, music, natural science, the elements of jurisprudence, and the languages, occupied him alternately.
After the breaking off of a youthful love affair, which gave a name to the heroine of his great work Faust and some features to his Wilhelm Meister, he was sent to the University of Leipzig to prepare himself for the legal profession, but he did not follow any regular course of studies. Johann Goethe began at this period, what he practised throughout his life, to embody in a poem, or in a poetical form, whatever occupied his mind intensely;
and no one, perhaps, was ever more in need of such an exercise, as his nature continually hurried him from one extreme to another.
In 1768 he left Leipzig, and after an illness of some length he went to the University of Strasburg in 1770, to pursue the study of law, according to his father's wishes. At Strasburg he became acquainted with Herder - a decisive circumstance in his life. Herder made him more acquainted with the Italian school of the fine arts, and inspired his mind with views of poetry more congenial to his character than any which he had hitherto conceived. While here he fell in love with Frederica Brion, daughter of the pastor of Sesenheim, but the affair, though it made a more abiding impression on him than some others, resulted in nothing.
Johann Goethe's numerous love affairs form one of the most curious studies in biography. His attachments were all fugitive; the love passion was continuous, but the object was ever changing. In 1771 he took the degree of Doctor of Jurisprudence, and wrote a dissertation on a legal subject. He then went to Wetzlar to practise law, where he found, in his own love for a betrothed lady, and in the fate of a young man named Jerusalem, the subjects for his striking work, The Sorrows of Werther, which formed an epoch in German literature. The attention of the public had already been attracted to him, however, by his drama Gotz von Berlichingen (published 1773). Werther appeared in 1774. Not long after the publication of Werther, Charles Augustus, the hereditary duke of Saxe-Weimar, met Johann Goethe on a journey, and when in 1775 he took the government into his own hands, he invited Johann Goethe to his court. Johann Goethe accepted the invitation, and on the 7th of November, 1775, arrived at Weimar. Wieland was already there, having been the duke's tutor: Herder was added to the band in 1776; Schiller was afterwards one of its members for a few years; and other poets and critics and novelists were gathered round these chiefs.
Johann Goethe was the leading spirit of the group even during the last quarter of the 18th century, when these men and others were constructing and guiding the literature of all Germany; and his supremacy became yet more absolute afterwards, when for another generation he stood alone.
In 1776 he was made privy-councillor of legation, with a seat and vote in the privy-council. In 1782 he was made president of the chamber, and ennobled. In 1786 he made a journey to Italy, where he remained two years, visited Sicily, and remained a long time in Rome. This residence in Italy had the effect of still further developing his artistic powers. Here his Iphigenia was matured, Egmont finished, and Tasso projected. The first of these was published in 1787, the second in 1788, and the third in 1790. In the same year with Tasso was published the earliest form of the first part of Faust, with the title Dr. Faust, ein Trauerspiel (Dr. Faust, a Tragedy), a poem in a dramatic form, which belongs rather to Johann Goethe's whole life than to any particular period of it.
At the time that Johann Goethe was engaged in the production of these works of imagination he had been pursuing various other studies of a scientific nature with as ardent an interest as if these had belonged to his peculiar province. The result of his studies in botany was a work published also in 1790, Versuch die Metamorphose der Pflanzen zu Erklaren (Attempts to Explain the Metamorphosis of Plants), in which he gives expression to the view that the whole plant; and its different parts, may all be regarded as variously modified leaves. In the following year (1791) he began to apply himself to optics, and in 1791-1792 he published a work on this subject called Beitrage zur Optik.
On the 1st of May, 1791, he became director of the court theatre at Weimar. In 1792 he followed his prince during the campaign of the Prussians against the revolutionary party in France, and was present at the Battle of Valmy on the 20th of September. At the Weimar theatre he brought out some of the dramatic chefs-d'oeuvre of Schiller, and there, too, his own dramatic works first appeared, Goetz von Berlichingen, Faust, Iphigenia in Taurus, Tasso, Clavigo, Stella, and CountEgmont.
In 1794-1796 Johann Goethe published Wilhelm Meister's Lehrjahre (Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship), a novel which has become well known to English readers through the translation of Carlyle, and which had as a continuation Wilhelm Meister's Wanderjahre (that is, his travels as a journeyman; 1821). His next work of importance was Hermann und Dorothea (1797), a narrative poem, in hexameterverse, the characters of which are taken from humble life.
In 1806 Johann Goethe married Christiane Vulpius, with whom he had lived since 1788, and of whom he always spoke with warmth and gratitude for the degree in which she had contributed to his domestic happiness. In 1808 he published another edition of Faust in a considerably altered form. In 1809 was published Wahlverwandtschaften (Elective Affinities), another novel, and in
1810 the Farbenlehre or Theory of Colours, a work in which he had the boldness to oppose the Newtonian theory, and to which Goethe himself attached great importance, although the theory therein promulgated met with no acceptance among scientists. In 1811-1814 appeared Johann Goethe's autobiography, with the titleAus meinem Leben: Dichtung und Wahrheit; in 1819 the Westostlicher Divan, a remarkable collection of oriental songs and poems. Johann Goethe's last work was the second part of Faust, which was completed on the evening before the last anniversary of his birthday which he lived to see.
Johann Goethe's works taken altogether form a rich constellation of poetry, romance, science, art, and philosophy. His greatest production is his Faust, emphatically a philosophical dramatic poem, and the best of Goethe's productions in a department for which he seems to have been born. Much light is thrown on Goethe's life and character by the published correspondence with his contemporaries, Herder, Frau von Stein, Lavator, Jacobi, Merck, Countess Stolberg, etc; by Eckermann's Conversations, and especially by his own autobiography, which he himself describes as 'poetry and truth,' and in which probably the truth is sometimes clouded by the poetry. Research Johann Goethe
The Caproni Ca 133 was an Italian civil transport and military bomber/transport aircraft of the 1930s and Second World War. The Ca 133 was powered by three 460 hp Piaggio Stella P.VIII C.16 7- cylinder radial piston engines providing a top speed of 280 kmh and a range of 1350 km. The military version was armed with four 7.7 mm machine-guns in side, dorsal turret and ventral positions and carried up to 500 kg of bombs. The military transport variant (the Ca 133T) carried 18 fully equipped troops. An ambulance variant, the Ca 133S was also produced for the military. The civilian version carried 16 passengers and was used by the airline Ala Littoria. Research Caproni Ca 133
A cent is typically a small coin denoting one hundredth of a larger denomination, such as one hundredth of a dollar or Euro.
In America, the cent is a copper coin stamped with various designs and issued first by the States, later by the Federal Government. Vermont was the first State to issue copper cents, having permitted in June, 1785, Reuben Harmon Jr., to make money for the State for two years. He started a mint at Rupert, Bennington County, coining the Vermont cent of 1785. This coin had on the obverse, wooded mountains and a rising sun with a plough, and the inscription Vermontis. Res. Publica. Exergue 1785. On the reverse was a ring surrounded by thirteen stars with rays springing from the circle; and the legend, Stella. Quarta. Decima.
Connecticut, in October, 1785, granted to Bishop, Hopkins, Hillhouse and Goodrich the right to coin 10,000 pounds of copper cents, known as the Connecticut cent of 1785. These had on the obverse, a mailed bust, head laureated; and the legend, Auctori. Connec. On the reverse they were marked with the goddess of Liberty grasping an olive branch in her right hand and liberty staff in her left, which was surmounted by a liberty cap; and the legend, Inde Et Lib Exergue 1785.
Massachusetts established a mint in 1786, and coined $60,000 in cents and half cents. These were marked on the obverse of the cent with a clothed Indian, in his right hand a bow, in his left an arrow; and the legend, Common + Wealth. On the reverse was marked a spread eagle, a shield on his breast bearing the word cent, his talons grasping an olive branch and a bundle of arrows; And the legend, Massachusetts, Exergue 1787, beneath a horizontal bar.
New Jersey granted to Goadsby and Cox, in 1786, the right to coin 10,000 pounds at fifteen coppers to the shilling, known as the New Jerseycopper coin of 1786. These were marked on the obverse with a horse's head, heraldic wreath and a plough; and the legend, Nova. Csesarea. Exergue 1786. On the reverse was a shield; and the legend, E Pluribus Unum.
In 1781 the Continental Congress directed Robert Morris to look into the matter of Governmental Coinage. Robert Morris proposed a money unit equal to one-fourth of a grain of fine silver, an equivalent of one-fourteen-hundred-and-fortieth of a Spanish dollar. The coin equal to one hundred of these units was to be called a cent from the Latin centum, meaning one hundred, 500 units a quint, 10,000 units a mark. These were not accepted, but in 1784 Jefferson proposed in his coinage report to Congress that 'the smallest coin be of copper, of which two hundred shall pass for one dollar'. In 1786 the hundredth was substituted. Copper cents began to be coined in the USA in 1793. In 1796 their weight was reduced and in 1857 the small nickel cent was substituted, and in 1864 the small bronze. Research Cent
How Stella Got Her Groove Back is a romantic comedy starring Angela Bassett, Taye Diggs, Whoopi Goldberg, Regina King, Suzzanne Douglas and Michael J Pagan in a story about an American stockbroker and single mother goes on holiday to Jamaica with a friend, and while there starts a romance with a much younger man. How Stella Got Her Groove Back was directed by Kevin Rodney Sullivan in 1998. Research How Stella Got Her Groove Back
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Abbreviations
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