Research Results For 'Stile'

SUNDIAL

Picture of Sundial

A sundial or dial is an instrument for showing the hour of the day from the shadow thrown while the sun is shining by a stile or gnomon upon a graduated surface. The sundial has been known from the earliest times amongst Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Hebrews. From those eastern nations it came to the Greeks. It was introduced into Rome during the first Punic war.

Sundials are of various construction, horizontal, inclined, or upright, the principle in every case being to show the sun's distance from the meridian by means of the shadow cast by the stile or gnomon. The stile is made parallel with the earth's axis,and may be considered as coinciding with the axis of the diurnal rotation. Consequently as the sun moves westwards the shadow of the stile moves round in the opposite direction, falling on the meridian lines so marked as to represent the hours of the day. The sundial of course gives solar time, which, except on four days of the year, is slightly different from that of a well-regulated clock. Since at least 1900 sundials have been rather articles of curiosity or ornament than of use.
Research Sundial

HALLOWEEN

Halloween (All Hallow Even) was the last night of the British Celtic year (equivalent to the modern new year's eve) - October the 31st, later adopted as the Eve of All Saints by the Christian church in Britain when the Pope of Rome in 610 ordered that the heathen Pantheon should be converted into a Christian church and dedicated to the honour of all martyrs.

Halloween was a Celtic fire festival and a day on which the spirits of the dead revisited their old homes and evil spirits roamed the land. Superstition, based in part upon the reality that November the 1st (Samhain) ushered in the cold, dark months of winter, encouraged the Celts to placate the spirits of nature at Halloween, lest the next year's crops should fail, and because of the presence of so many spirits at large at this time, and the strong supernatural forces at work, it was a time for divination. Later, games were held throughout Britain for teenagers, including apple and sixpence bobbing, success at these games being thought to guarantee good fortune for the coming year and to enable divination with regard to forthcoming marriages. In early Ireland, it is reported that children were sacrificed to placate the evil spirits at Halloween, but this is more probably propaganda than a reality. During the 19th century Irish immigrants introduced to America the concept of mischief on Halloween, with young men playing tricks on residents and demanding a treat lest they should play a trick on them - an echo of sacrifices of foods to the spirits so as to placate them. This practise having originated in the North of England, while elsewhere young people demanded of their elders to be shown a magic trick or receive a treat by way of a forfeit by the elder.

Welsh tradition had it that on Halloween, an evil spirit sat on every stile. While in Scotland the notion of the goblin was invented, which only came out on Halloween. Modern Halloween is not, as is popularly thought, an American invention, but a survival of an old British festival. Sacrifices are still made to placate the witches, goblins, ghosts and other supernatural spirits, though these now generally take the form of sweets given to costumed children dressed as representations of the spirits, that call from house to house demanding of those devoid of supernatural powers (proven by performing a trick) tribute (a treat) so as to ensure good fortune the following year.
Research Halloween

In architecture a parting strip is one of the thin strips of wood in a sash window let into the pulley stile to keep the sashes apart. The term is also applied to the thin piece inserted in the window box to separate the weights.
Research Parting Strip