Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher and naturalist. He was born in 384 BC at Stagira, in Macedonia, died in 322 BC.. He was the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy, His father, Nicomachus, was physician to Amyntas II, king of Macedonia, and claimed to be descended from Aesculapius. Aristotle had lost his parents before he came, at about the age of seventeen, to Athens to study in the school of Plato. With that philosopher he remained for twenty years, became pre-eminent among his pupils, and was known as the Intellect of the School. Upon the death of Plato in 848 BC, he took up his residence at Atarneus, in Mysia, on the invitation of his former pupil Hermeias, the ruler of that city, on whose assassination by the Persians in 343 BC, he fled to Mitylene with his wife Pythia, the niece of Hermeias.
During his residence at Mitylene he received an invitation from Philip of Macedon to superintend the education of his son Alexander, then in his fourteenth year. This relationship between the great philosopher and the future conqueror continued for five or six years, during which the prince was instructed in grammar, rhetoric, poetry, logic, ethics, and politics, and in those branches of physics which had even then made some considerable progress. On Alexander succeeding to the throne Aristotle continued to live with him as his friend and councillor until he set out on his Asiatic campaign in 334 BC. He returned to Athens and established his school in the Lyceum, a gymnasium attached to the temple of Apollo Lyceius, which was assigned to him by the state. He delivered his lectures in the wooded walks of the Lyceum while walking up and down with his pupils. From the action itself, or more probably from the name of the walks (peripatoi), his school was called Peripatetic. Pupils gathered to him from all parts of Greece, and his school became by far the most popular in Athens. The statement that he had two circles of pupils, the exoteric and the esoteric has given rise to much controversy.
By some it has been held that Aristotle published during his lifetime popular discourses with a view to make way for his doctrines in Athenian society, then impregnated with Platonic theories, and that these are called exoteric in contradistinction to those in which are embodied his matured opinions. It was during the time of his teaching at Athens that Aristotle is believed to have composed the great bulk of his works. On the death of Alexander a revolution occurred in Athenshostile to the Macedonian interests with which Aristotle was identified. He therefore retired to Chalcis, where he soon after died.
According to Strabo he bequeathed all his works to Theophrastus, who, with other disciples of Aristotle, amended and continued them. They afterwards passed through various hands, until, about 50 BC, Andronicus of Rhodes put the various fragments together and classified them according to a systematic arrangement. Many of the books bearing his name are spurious, others are of doubtful genuineness. The whole are generally divided into logical, theoretical, and practical. The logical works are comprehended under the title Organon (instrument). The theoretical are divided into physics, mathematics, and metaphysics. The physical works (including those on natural history) are on the General Principles of Physical Science, The Heavens, Generation and Destruction, Meteorology, Natural History of Animals, On the Parts of Animals, On the Generation of Animals, On the Locomotion of Animals, On the Soul, On Memory, Sleep and Waking, Dreams, Divination. In mathematics there are two treatises, On Indivisible Lines and Mechanical Problems. The Metaphysics consist of fourteen books: the title (Tametata Physika, 'the things following the Physics') is the invention of an editor. The practical works embrace ethics, politics, economics, and treatises on art, and comprise the Nicomachaean Ethics (so called because dedicated to his son Nicomachus), the Politics, (Economics, Poetry, and Rhetoric). Among the lost works are the dialogues and others to which the term exoteric is applied, and which were published during Aristotle's lifetime. His style is devoid of grace and elegance. His works were first printed in a Latin translation, with the commentaries of Averroes, at Venice in 1489; the first Greek edition was that of Aldus Manutius (published in five volules between 1495 and 1498). Research Aristotle
Confucius (Kong Fu-tse) was an ancient Chinese philosopher. He was born around 551 BC at Shantung province and died around 479 BC. His father, Shuh-liang-heih, who was of royal descent, died when Confucius was three years old, and the boy was reared in comparative poverty by his mother, Ching-tsai. At the age of seventeen he was made inspector of corn-markets, at nineteen he married, and after about four years of domesticity, in which a son and two daughters were born him, he commenced his career as a teacher.
In 517 BC he was induced by two members of one of the principal houses in Lu, who had joined his band of disciples, to visit the capital with them, where he had interviews with Lao-tse, the founder of Taoism. Though temporarily driven from Lu to Tsi by a revolution, he soon returned thither with an increasing following, and at the age of fifty-two was made chief magistrate of the city of Chung-too. So striking a reformation was effected by him that he was chosen for higher posts, became minister of crime, and with the aid of two powerful disciples elevated the state of Lu to a leading position in the kingdom. Its marquis, however, soon after gave himself up to debauchery, and Confucius became a wanderer in many states for thirteen years. In 483 he returned to Lu, but would not take office. The deaths of his favourite disciples Yen Hwin and Tse-lu in 481 and 478 did much to further his own, which took place in about 479.
Confucius left no work detailing his moral and social system, but the five canonical books of Confucianism are the Yih-king, the Shu-king, the Sbi-king, the Le-king, and the Ghun-tsien, with which are grouped the 'Four Books', by disciples of Confucius, the Ta-heo or Great Study, the Chung-Yung or Invariable Mean, the Tun-yu or 'Philosophical Dialogues', and the Hi-tse, written by Meng-tse or Mencius. The teaching of Confucius has had, and still has, an immense influence in China. All his teaching was devoted to practical morality and to the duties of man in this world in relation to his fellow-men; in it was summed up the wisdom acquired by his own insight and experience, and that derived from the teaching of the sages of antiquity. Research Confucius
Eleanor Torrey Powell was an American actress. She was born in 1912 at Springfield, Massachusetts and died in 1982 of cancer. She started her career in the 1920s on Broadway, where her 'machine-gun' footwork gained her the title of world champion in tap dancing. In 1935 she went to Hollywood where she starred in the great MGM musicals in the late 1930s, establishing herself as a Queen of Ra-Ta- Taps. In spite of the fact that she was primarily a solo performer she also danced with Fred Astaire and George Murphy . After her marriage she wasn't seen on the screen, except for a short part in the 1950 'Duchess of Idaho'. After her divorce she started a short but successful night-club career. Research Eleanor Powell
The 22nd (Cheshire) Regiment was raised in 1689 on the Roodee, Chester for service under William III. It next served in its home county in 1988. During the intervening 300 years, it has spent much time on garrison duty in the Empire. It has a tradition of having had a detachment at Dettingen. There it won the distinction of wearing the oak leaf whilst parading for Royalty and also on certain Regimental days. The story is that the 22nd protected the king, who was commanding the field, from being taken prisoner by the French. The king picked a sprig of oak from a nearby tree and presented it to them. The Regiment itself at the time was in the Mediterranean, however. The taking of Louisburg in Nova Scotia was its most famous 18th-century event; the Grenadier Company going on with Wolfe to Quebec. A 22nd Grenadier appears to have been present at the death of Wolfe along with Ensign Browne. The regiment proceeded after the Seven Years War to the West Indies and yellow fever, finally taking its place in New York for the American War.
A spell in India led to the 22nd being the only English Regiment in Sir Charles Napier's force to conquer the Scinde. The great battle at Meeanee on 17 February 1843 is celebrated as the Regimental Day. The Regiment spent most of the 19th century in the Indian sub-continent or its dependencies. A 2nd Battalion was raised in 1814 for a short while and re-raised in 1858. It fought in the Boer War in South Africa in 1900. This battalion was amalgamated with the 1st at the end of the Second World War. In the Great War 38 battalions were raised by the Cheshire Regiment. At the outset of the war in 1914 the 1st Battalion was exposed to the brunt of two German Army Corps at the village of Audregnies near Mons. Their heroic stand saved the British Expeditionary Force from a disaster and is celebrated as a second Regimental Day on 24 August. This Battalion was in every major action in France throughout the war and won 35 Battle Honours.
The Territorial and New (Kitchener's) Army Battalions fought in France, Gallipoli, Sinai, Palestine, Salonika and Mesopotamia. The 12th Battalion won the French Croix de Guerre. Over 8,000 officers and men gave their lives. Between the wars the two regular battalions served in India, Sudan, Palestine and Malta and became noted for their sport and athletic prowess. Just prior to the Second World War the Regiment was armed with the Vickers Machine Gun and became a Support Regiment for the duration of the war. At the outbreak of war the 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th Battalions TA were re-established. A 30th Battalion (Home Defence) and 39 Home Guard battalions made up the Regimental roll. The 2nd Battalion was at Dunkirk, North Africa and Italy before returning to be part of the initial landing at Normandy. The 1st Battalion was in North Africa and Malta during the siege and finally in NWEurope. The 6th and 7th Battalions fought in Italy. Since the war the 1st Battalion has served in numerous operational areas: Malaya, Cyprus, Northern Ireland and recently in Bosnia under the United Nations. The Regiment now consists of a
1st Battalion and 3rd Battalion (Volunteer). This latter unit is once more a support battalion as history repeats itself. Research Cheshire Regiment
The Stingray is an American light tank developed during the 1980s by Caddilac Gage. The Stingray carries a crew of four and is armed with a 105 mm rifled gun, a coaxial 7.62 mm machine-gun and a 7.62 mm anti-aircraft machine-gun. A Diesel Model 8V-92 TA diesel engine gives a top speed of 69 kmh and a range of 483 km. Research Stingray
Tantalum is a rare silvery-looking metal element with the symbolTa. It is found chiefly in tantalite and obtained by reducing to potassium flouro-tantalate by means of sodium followed by fusion in vacuo. Tantalum is used as a wire in electric lamps. Tantalum was discovered by A G Ekeberg in 1802, but the metal was not isolated until 1905. Combined with carbon, tantalum becomes almost as hard as diamond, and has been used to increase the hardness and tensile strength of steel. Tantalum is unaffected by most acids. Research Tantalum
The Heinkel He 219 Uhu was a German two-seat night-fighter of the Second World War foolishly abandoned in favour of the Junkers Ju 388J and Focke-Wulf Ta 154. The Heinkel He 219 was powered by two 1900 hp Daimler-Benz DB 603G 12-cylinder inverted-Vee piston engines which provided a top speed of 670 kmh and a range of 2000 km. Armaments consisted of four 30 mm MK 108 cannon, two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon and two 30 mm MK 103 cannon. Research Heinkel He 219
The T-45 Goshawk is a British-designed American two-seater land-based and carrier-borne basic/advanced flying trainer aircraft with armament training capability jointly manufactured by Boeing and British Aerospace for the US Navy, and based on the BA Hawk trainer aircraft. The T-45 was selected to meet the US Navy requirement for an undergraduate jet pilot trainer to replace the TA-4J Skyhawk and North American NA-249 (T-2 Buckeye). The T-45TS pilot training scheme includes advanced simulators and computer assisted instruction as well as training flight programmes. The T-45A is powered by a Rolls Royce F405-RR-401 turbofan engine providing a top speed of 997 kmh and a range of 1288 km. Two under-wing hard points and an optional under-fuselage hard point allow disposable stores such as light and practice bombs to be carried. Research T-45
The Focke-Wulf Ta 152 was a German high-altitude fighter aircraft of the Second World War developed from the Fw 190. The Ta 152H-1 was powered by a 1750 hp Junkers Jumo 213E 12-cylinder inverted-Vee piston engine providing a top speed of 760 kmh when used with MW-50 water-methanol fuel injection and GM-1 power boost, and had a range of 1200 km. Armaments consisted of a 30 mm MK 108 cannon and two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons. Research Ta 152
The Focke-Wulf Ta 154 was a German high-speed bad weather and night fighter of the Second World War first prototyped in 1943. The Focke-Wulf Ta 154 was a single or two-seater shoulder-wing cantilever monoplane of mainly wooden construction powered by two Jumo 211 N or two Jumo 211 R 12-cylinder inverted Vee liquid cooled engines providing a top speed of 611 or 630 kmh respectively and a range of 7020 km with drop-tanks. The Focke-Wulf Ta 154 was armed with two forward firing 30 mm MK 108 and two forward firing 20 mm MG 151 cannons in the fuselage sides or alternatively four 30 mm MK 108 or four 20 mm MG 151 cannons. In addition two 30 mm MG 108 fixed forward firing machine-guns were mounted in the fuselage of the night fighter variant. Research Ta 154
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Abbreviations
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