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The Achilles reflex, or ankle reflex, is a deep tendon reflex that is produced when the Achilles tendon is firmly tapped at the back of the ankle. The foot should flex downward. The reflex is often absent in diabetics and in people with peripheral neurological damage. A deep tendon reflex is a sudden contraction of a muscle in response to a sharp tap of a rubber hammer on a tendon of insertion of the muscle. Absence of this reflex may indicate neurological damage or damage to the muscle being tested.
 Research Achilles Reflex
Achilles tendinitis is injury of the Achilles tendon.
Research Achilles Tendinitis
The Achilles Tendon is the tendon which connects the heel with the calf of the leg, and is the principal extensor of the foot.
Research Achilles Tendon
The adductor longus is a long triangular muscle, originating with both fleshy fibres and a strong tendon from a small area on the front of the pubic bone of the pelvis and inserts in the femur.
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In anatomy, articulation describes a joint; the joining or juncture of the bones. This is of three kinds: (1) Diarthrosis, or a movable connection, such as the ball-and-socket joint; (2) Synarthrosis, immovable connection, as by suture, or junction by serrated margins; (3) Symphysis, or union by means of another substance, by a cartilage, tendon, or ligament.
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At the edge of the first rib, the subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery, which continues to descend to the tendon of the teres major muscle and becomes the brachial artery. The artery divides into three branches around the pectoralis minor muscle, one above the muscle, one behind the muscle and one below the muscle. This artery brings a fresh blood supply to the upper arm and chest area.
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The biceps brachii (biceps flexor cubiti) is a two-headed arm muscle that consists of the long head (caput longum), and the short head (caput breve). The long head originates from the supraglenoid tuberosity of the scapula and the short head originates from the coracoid process. The muscle extends from the shoulder to the elbow where the biceps tapers into a flat, strong tendon that inserts in the tuberosity on the upper end of the radius. It is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerves (5th and 6th crevical nerves) and is supplied by branches of the brachial artery. This muscle is the main flexor of the elbow joint. When working with other nearby muscles, it can also move the shoulder, since its upper ends are attached to the scapula. In addition it can twist the lower arm so that the palm faces outward, a movement called supination. The biceps and the triceps work together to control the up and down movement of the forearm.
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The biceps femoris (biceps flexor cruris) muscle is included with the hamstring muscle group. The biceps femoris is a large muscle comprised of two heads (two points of attachment to the bone), the long head (caput longum) and the short head (caput breve). The long head originates from the tuberosity of the ischium near the semitendinosus muscle and the short head originates from the linea aspera between the adductor magnus and the vastus lateralis muscles. The two muscles converge to a single tendon and insert in the fibula. This common tendon is located on the outer back corner of the knee and forms the outer hamstring. The long head of the biceps femoris is innervated by the tibial nerve and the short head is innervated by the peroneal nerves. This muscle is supplied by a deep branch of the femoral artery, the profunda femoris. Both heads of the muscle flex the lower leg at the knee joint and rotate the tibia outward. The long head also assists with the extension and outward rotation of the thigh at the hip joint, making it a two-joint muscle, while the short head is a single-joint muscle.
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The biceps femoris tendon connects the patella to the femur. It is responsible for extension of the knee joint and is given its name because it features two muscular heads, one at the femur and one at the patella.
Research Biceps Femoris Tendon
The biceps reflex is produced when the tendon of the biceps muscle is firmly tapped with a rubber hammer. This causes the biceps muscle to contract and brings the forearm up sharply. It is a form of deep tendon reflex. A deep tendon reflex is a sudden contraction of a muscle in response to a sharp tap of a rubber hammer on a tendon of insertion of the muscle.
Research Biceps Reflex
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The Probert Encyclopaedia was designed, edited and programed by
Matt and Leela Probert
©1993 - 2009 The Probert Encyclopaedia
Southampton, United Kingdom
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